Pivotal bone anchor assembly with frictional shank head seating surfaces

ABSTRACT

A two-piece closure for polyaxial bone screws includes an outer fastener and an inner set screw, the outer fastener having a drive system with pockets that cooperate with a pronged drive tool. The polyaxial screw includes a lower pressure insert engaged with the outer fastener, the insert in some embodiments being made from a cobalt chrome alloy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/849,514 filed Jan. 28, 2013 and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 61/834,625 filed Jun. 13, 2013, both ofwhich are entirely incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to closure structures for joiningtogether parts of a medical implant and to drive systems for suchstructures, in particular for use with open bone anchors in spinalsurgery, and in some embodiments thereof, for use with spinal boneanchors such as polyaxial screws that include compression inserts.

Bone anchors, such as bone screws and hooks are utilized in many typesof spinal surgery in order to secure various implants to vertebrae alongthe spinal column for the purpose of stabilizing and/or adjusting spinalalignment. For example, the most common mechanism for providingvertebral support is to implant bone screws into certain bones whichthen in turn support a longitudinal connecting member, such as a rod, orare supported by the connector. Although both closed-ended andopen-ended bone anchors are known, open-ended anchors are particularlywell suited for connections to longitudinal connecting members such ashard, soft or deformable rods, dynamic, soft or elastic connectors andconnector sleeves or arms, because such rods or other connector membersdo not need to be passed through a closed bore, but rather can be laidor urged into an open channel within a receiver or head of such a boneanchor. Generally, the anchors must be inserted into the bone as anintegral unit or a preassembled unit, in the form of a shank or hook andconnected pivotal receiver. In some instances, a portion of such apreassembled unit, such as a shank of a polyaxial bone screw assembly,may be independently implanted into bone, followed by push- or pop-onassembly of a receiver portion of the unit that includes the openchannel for receiving a rod or other longitudinal connecting member.

Typical open-ended bone screws include a threaded shank with a head orreceiver having a pair of parallel projecting branches or arms whichform a yoke with a U-shaped slot or channel to receive a portion of arod or other longitudinal connecting member. Hooks and other types ofconnectors, as are used in spinal fixation techniques, may also includesimilar open ends for receiving rods or portions of other fixation andstabilization structure. After the rod or other longitudinal connectingmember is placed in the receiver channel, a closure, typically in theform of a substantially cylindrical plug is often used to close thechannel. Known closures include slide-on types, twist-on varieties thatare rotated ninety degrees to a locked in position, and a variety ofone- and two-piece cylindrical types having helically wound guide andadvancement structures including, for example, thread forms havingv-thread, reverse-angle, buttress or square thread forms, to name a few,as well as other non-threadlike helically wound forms, such asApplicant's flange forms described in U.S. Pub. No. 2005/0182410.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A closure structure embodiment according to the invention includes anouter fastener portion and a cooperating inner set screw portion, theclosure structure outer fastener portion cooperating with a bone anchorfor capturing a spinal fixation longitudinal connecting member, such asa rod, the anchor having an open receiver with spaced apart armsdefining a longitudinal connecting member receiving channeltherebetween. The bone anchor further includes a shank or hook portionthat pivots with respect to the receiver. The outer fastener is sizedand shaped for engagement with spaced apart arms of a compression orpressure insert located within the bone anchor open receiver. The outerfastener presses downwardly against the pressure insert arms and theinsert in turn presses against an upper surface of the pivotal shank orhook portion, fixing an angle of the shank or hook with respect to thereceiver independently of the fixing of the longitudinal connectingmember with respect to the bone anchor receiver. It is the inner setscrew that ultimately abuts against the longitudinal connecting member,fixing the connector with respect to the bone anchor.

In a particular embodiment, the outer fastener includes an internaldrive feature having pockets or partially closed slots (could also bedescribed as partially open sockets) formed in a top surface thereof.The pockets could also be described as partially open sockets as theyare hollows in which a driver extension is placed to rotate the fastenerthat are open in a radially inwardly direction and closed at a locationnear an outer cylindrical surface of the fastener. Although a fourpocket fastener is illustrated, as few as two pockets and up to six ormore pockets may be formed in the outer fastener top surface. Theillustrated pockets further include an outer curved or lobular recessthat extends all the way to the outer fastener helically wound guide andadvancement structure without breaking through driving or crest surfacesthereof. A cooperating driver includes extensions or prongs for closelyfitting within the drive pockets and an inner extension that isslidingly received by the closure inner set screw.

A system for designing two-piece plug closures of the invention includedesigning the outer fastener with pockets that have drive surfaces thatextend inwardly rather than outwardly to result in a splay control outerflange form or other helical guide and advancement structure havingdriving and splay control features that are not broken or otherwisecompromised by the outer fastener inner drive feature while providing anouter fastener with adequate driving face or flank surface area. Such asystem also includes designing a smaller set screw for cooperation withthe outer fastener. The set screw is in turn designed with an outerhelical guide and advancement structure, preferably a v-thread, that isfine (i.e., a small pitch), resulting in increased thrust of the innerset screw against a cooperating longitudinal connecting member as wellas a lower torque value.

Also according to an embodiment of the invention, a compression insertof a polyaxial bone anchor is made from a hard material, such as acobalt chrome alloy. Embodiments of the invention aid in splay controlduring torquing or tightening of the closure with respect to the armsthat occurs when the closure abuts against the insert located in thereceiver. Although the illustrated outer fasteners are shown withhelically wound flange form structures, it is noted that other helicalforms, such as buttress, reverse angle and square threads may beutilized on the outer fastener and cooperating bone anchor receiver.

The drawings constitute a part of this specification and includeexemplary embodiments of the present invention and illustrate variousobjects and features thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of a polyaxial bone screw assembly,shown partially assembled with a longitudinal connecting member in theform of a rod, the assembly including a shank having an integralsubstantially spherical head, a receiver with break-off extensions ortabs (with portions broken away to show the detail thereof), acompression insert and a two piece dual start closure top having both anouter portion and an inner set screw.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged top plan view of the shank of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a reduced and partial cross-sectional view taken along theline 3-3 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged and partial cross-sectional view taken along theline 3-3 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is an enlarged perspective view of the receiver of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a front elevational view of the receiver of FIG. 5 withportions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 7 is an enlarged and partial side elevational view of the receiverof FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 8-8 of FIG. 6.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged top plan view of the receiver of FIG. 5.

FIG. 10 is a bottom plan view of the receiver of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is an enlarged perspective view of the compression insert ofFIG. 1.

FIG. 12 is an enlarged side elevational view of the insert of FIG. 11with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 13 is a front elevational view of the insert of FIG. 12 withportions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 14 is a top plan view of the insert of FIG. 12.

FIG. 15 is a bottom plan view of the insert of FIG. 12.

FIG. 16 is an enlarged perspective view of the two piece dual startclosure of FIG. 1.

FIG. 17 is a top plan view of the closure of FIG. 16.

FIG. 18 is a bottom plan view of the closure of FIG. 16.

FIG. 19 is a front elevational view of the closure of FIG. 16 withportions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 20 is an exploded front elevational view of the closure of FIG. 16with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 21 is a perspective of the inner set screw of the closure of FIG.16.

FIG. 22 is a reduced front elevational view of the receiver and shank ofFIG. 1 shown in an early stage of assembly.

FIG. 23 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the receiver showing the shank in a stage of assemblywith the receiver subsequent to what is shown in FIG. 22.

FIG. 24 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the receiver showing the shank in a stage of assemblywith the receiver subsequent to what is shown in FIG. 23.

FIG. 25 is a reduced and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away, further showing the insert of FIG. 1 being loaded into theassembly of FIG. 24 (intermediate loading locations shown in phantom).

FIG. 26 is an enlarged and partial perspective view with portions brokenaway, showing the assembly of FIG. 25 and further showing a portion ofthe receiver crimped against the insert.

FIG. 27 is a reduced and partial front elevational view of the ofassembly as shown in FIG. 26 with portions broken away to show thedetail thereof, further showing the rod and closure top of FIG. 1, alsoin front elevation, in a stage wherein the closure top is being wounddownwardly in mating relationship with the receiver extension tabs andreducing the rod into the receiver, an earlier stage of loading of therod and closure top shown in phantom.

FIG. 28 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away, similar to FIG. 27, showing the outer portion of theclosure top pressing the insert downwardly into locking relationshipwith the shank head.

FIG. 29 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away, similar to FIG. 28 and further showing the closure topinner set screw locking down on the rod.

FIG. 30 is a reduced and partial front elevational view, similar to FIG.29 further showing removal of the receiver extension tabs.

FIG. 31 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of theassembly of FIG. 30 with portions broken away to show the detailthereof.

FIG. 32 is a reduced and partial perspective view of the assembly ofFIG. 30 with the receiver extension tabs removed.

FIG. 33 is a front elevational view of an alternative polyaxial bonescrew assembly, shown partially assembled with a longitudinal connectingmember in the form of a rod, the assembly including a shank having anintegral substantially spherical head, a receiver with break-offextensions or tabs (with portions broken away to show the detailthereof), a top, drop and rotate compression insert and a two piece dualstart closure top having both an outer portion with a break-off head andan inner set screw.

FIG. 34 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the shankshown in FIG. 33 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 35 is an enlarged and partial perspective view of the receiver ofFIG. 33.

FIG. 36 is a front elevational view of the receiver of FIG. 35 withportions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 37 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line 37-37of FIG. 36.

FIG. 38 is an enlarged perspective view of the compression insert ofFIG. 33.

FIG. 39 is an enlarged side elevational view of the insert of FIG. 38with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 40 is an enlarged front elevational view of the insert of FIG. 38with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 41 is a top plan view of the insert of FIG. 40.

FIG. 42 is a bottom plan view of the insert of FIG. 40.

FIG. 43 is an enlarged exploded perspective view of the two piece dualstart closure of FIG. 33.

FIG. 44 is an enlarged front elevational view of the closure of FIG. 43with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 45 is a top plan view of the closure of FIG. 43.

FIG. 46 is a bottom plan view of the closure of FIG. 43.

FIG. 47 is a reduced front elevational view with portions broken away ofthe receiver and shank of FIG. 33 shown in a stage of assembly (anearlier stage of assembly shown in phantom).

FIG. 48 is a front elevational view with portions broken away, furthershowing the insert of FIG. 33 being down loaded into the assembly ofFIG. 47 (intermediate loading locations shown in phantom).

FIG. 49 is an enlarged and partial perspective view with portions brokenaway, showing the assembly of FIG. 48 after rotation of the insert intoan operative position and further showing a portion of the receivercrimped against the insert.

FIG. 50 is a reduced and partial front elevational view of the ofassembly as shown in FIG. 49 with portions broken away to show thedetail thereof, further showing the rod and closure top of FIG. 33, alsoin front elevation, in a stage wherein the closure top is being wounddownwardly in mating relationship with the receiver extension tabs andreducing the rod into the receiver, an earlier stage of loading of therod and closure top shown in phantom.

FIG. 51 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away, similar to FIG. 50, showing the outer portion of theclosure top pressing the insert downwardly into locking relationshipwith the shank head.

FIG. 52 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away, similar to FIG. 51 and further showing removal of theclosure top break-off head.

FIG. 53 is a partial front elevational view with portions broken away,similar to FIG. 52 and further showing the closure top inner set screwlocking down on the rod.

FIG. 54 is a reduced and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away, similar to FIG. 53 further showing removal of the receiverextension tabs.

FIG. 55 is a partially exploded front elevational view of anotheralternative polyaxial bone screw assembly including a shank having anintegral substantially spherical head, a receiver with break-offextensions or tabs (shown with portions broken away to show the detailthereof), and a compression insert with cam upper surface.

FIG. 56 is an enlarged perspective view of the compression insert ofFIG. 55.

FIG. 57 is a front elevational view of the insert of FIG. 56.

FIG. 58 is a side elevational view of the insert of FIG. 56.

FIG. 59 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 59-59 of FIG. 57.

FIG. 60 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 60-60 of FIG. 58.

FIG. 61 is a top plan view of the insert of FIG. 56.

FIG. 62 is a bottom plan view of the insert of FIG. 56.

FIG. 63 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the receiver, shank and insert of FIG. 55 shown in astage of assembly wherein the insert is top loaded into the receiver toa location of the shank spherical head.

FIG. 64 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the assembly of FIG. 63, further showing the insert afterbeing rotated into an operative position.

FIG. 65 is a further enlarged and partial perspective view of the insertand receiver as shown in FIG. 64 with portions broken away to show thedetail thereof.

FIG. 66 is a reduced and partial front elevational view of the assemblyas shown in FIG. 65 with portions broken away and further showingportions of the receiver crimped against the insert.

FIG. 67 is a partial front elevational view of the assembly of FIG. 66with portions broken away and further shown with a rod and a two piecedual start closure top.

FIG. 68 is a perspective view of an alternative single piece dual startclosure top.

FIG. 69 is another perspective view of the alternative closure top ofFIG. 68.

FIG. 70 is a partial front elevational view of the assembly of FIG. 66with portions broken away and shown with a rod and the alternative singepiece closure top of FIG. 68, shown in reduced front elevation and withportions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 71 is an exploded and partial front elevational view of anotheralternative polyaxial bone screw assembly (shown assembled in FIG. 90),including a shank having an upper portion with a partially cylindricalhead, a receiver (shown after break-off tabs removed), a retainer, a camcompression insert and shown with a rod and a two-piece dual startclosure top (shown after break-off head removed).

FIG. 72 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the shankof FIG. 71.

FIG. 73 is a reduced cross-sectional view taken along the line 73-73 ofFIG. 72.

FIG. 74 is a reduced top plan view of the shank of FIG. 72.

FIG. 75 is an enlarged front elevational view of the retainer of FIG.71.

FIG. 76 is an enlarged perspective view of the retainer of FIG. 75.

FIG. 77 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line 77-77of FIG. 75.

FIG. 78 is an enlarged front elevational view of the receiver of FIG. 71with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 79 is a reduced cross-sectional view taken along the line 79-79 ofFIG. 78.

FIG. 80 is an enlarged top plan view of the receiver of FIG. 78.

FIG. 81 is an enlarged bottom plan view of the receiver of FIG. 78.

FIG. 82 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the receiver, retainer and shank of FIG. 71 showing theretainer loaded in the receiver (top loading stage shown in phantom) andthe shank just prior to being loaded in the receiver.

FIG. 83 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the assembly of FIG. 82 showing the shank in a firststage of assembly with the retainer.

FIG. 84 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the assembly of FIG. 83 showing a subsequent stage ofassembly wherein the shank enters the receiver and presses upwardly onthe retainer.

FIG. 85 is a reduced and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the assembly of FIG. 84 showing a further stage ofassembly wherein the retainer is expanded about the shank.

FIG. 86 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the assembly of FIG. 85 showing the expanded retainerjust prior to being positioned at a cylindrical surface of the shank.

FIG. 87 is a partial front elevational view with portions broken away ofthe assembly of FIG. 86 wherein the retainer contracts to a neutral ornominal position about the cylindrical surface of the shank.

FIG. 88 is a reduced and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the assembly of FIG. 87 wherein the now assembledretainer and shank are subsequently seated on an inner radiused surfaceof the receiver.

FIG. 89 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the assembly of FIG. 88, further showing the insert ofFIG. 71 after being loaded and rotated into an operative position in thereceiver and in contact with the shank.

FIG. 90 is a reduced and partial front elevational view of the assemblyas shown in FIG. 89 with portions broken away and further shown with arod and a two piece dual start closure top shown after a break-off head(not shown) has been removed.

FIG. 91 is a partial front elevational view of the assembly of FIG. 90with portions broken away, but shown with the shank disposed at a fiftydegree (medial) angle with respect to the receiver.

FIG. 92 is a partial front elevational view of the assembly of FIG. 90with portions broken away, but shown with the shank disposed at a tendegree (lateral) angle with respect to the receiver.

FIG. 93 is an exploded perspective view of another alternative screwincluding a shank with a threaded head, a receiver, a threaded retainer,an insert and further shown with a rod and a dual start two-piececlosure top.

FIG. 94 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the shankof FIG. 93 with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 95 is an enlarged top plan view of the shank of FIG. 94.

FIG. 96 is an enlarged front elevational view of the retainer of FIG. 93with portions broken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 97 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the receiver, retainer and shank of FIG. 93 showing theretainer loaded in the receiver (a top loading stage shown in phantom)and the shank just prior to being loaded in the receiver.

FIG. 98 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view with portionsbroken away of the assembly of FIG. 97 further showing the shank headthreaded into the retainer and also showing the insert of FIG. 93 loadedinto the receiver, the insert also in front elevation with portionsbroken away.

FIG. 99 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of theassembly of FIG. 98 with portions broken away and further shown with arod and a two piece dual start closure top.

FIG. 100 is a perspective view of a set of first, second and thirdalternative bone screw shanks for use in bone anchors of theapplication.

FIG. 101 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of the secondalternative bone screw shank of FIG. 100 shown inserted into anotheralternative receiver (similar, but not identical to the receiver of FIG.1), also shown in enlarged and partial front elevation and with portionsbroken away to show the detail thereof.

FIG. 102 is a partial front elevational view with portions broken awayof the shank and receiver of FIG. 102 shown in a subsequent assemblystep of seating the shank head on an inner radiused surface of thereceiver.

FIG. 103 is a partial perspective view of the shank and receiver of FIG.102 further shown with an insert substantially similar to the insertshown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 104 is a reduced and partial front elevational view of the shank,receiver and insert of FIG. 103 with portions broken away to show thedetail thereof, and shown with a rod and an alternative two-piece singlestart closure with portions broken away to show the detail thereof, andfurther shown with the receiver break-off tabs removed.

FIG. 105 is an enlarged and exploded perspective view of the two-piececlosure of FIG. 104.

FIG. 106 is another exploded perspective view of the closure of FIG.105.

FIG. 107 is an enlarged top plan view of the closure of FIG. 105.

FIG. 108 is an enlarged bottom plan view of the closure of FIG. 105.

FIG. 109 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of theassembly of FIG. 104 with portions broken away, but shown with the shankdisposed at a minus twenty-five degree angle (medial) with respect tothe receiver.

FIG. 110 is an enlarged and partial front elevational view of theassembly of FIG. 104 with portions broken away, but shown with the shankdisposed at a plus fifty degree angle (medial) with respect to thereceiver.

FIG. 111 is an exploded perspective view of a two-piece closureaccording to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 112 is an enlarged perspective view of the closure of FIG. 111.

FIG. 113 is a reduced perspective view of the closure of FIG. 111 andshown with a driver according to an embodiment of the invention shown inpartial perspective view.

FIG. 114 is an enlarged top plan view of the closure of FIG. 111.

FIG. 115 is an enlarged bottom plan view of the closure of FIG. 111.

FIG. 116 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line116-116 of FIG. 114.

FIG. 117 is an enlarged and partial perspective view of the driver ofFIG. 113.

FIG. 118 is an enlarged bottom plan view of the driver of FIG. 113.

FIG. 119 is a reduced front elevational view of the closure and driverof FIG. 113, the driver shown in engagement with the closure.

FIG. 120 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line120-120 of FIG. 119.

FIG. 121 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along the line121-121 of FIG. 119.

FIG. 122 is a reduced perspective view of the closure of FIG. 111 shownin engagement with a polyaxial bone anchor and capturing a longitudinalconnecting member, both in partial perspective view, the connectingmember being in the form of a rod, the bone anchor shown implanted intobone (shown schematically in partial and in phantom).

FIG. 123 is an enlarged and partial cross-sectional view taken along theline 123-123 of FIG. 122 and illustrating the polyaxial bone screw ofFIG. 122 that includes a receiver, a bone screw shank and a lowercompression insert.

FIG. 124 is a reduced perspective view of the compression insert shownin FIG. 123.

FIG. 125 is a reduced and partial cross-sectional view of the receiverand rod of FIG. 123 and further shown with an alternative insert andclosure according to an embodiment of the invention, also in partialcross-section.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As required, detailed embodiments are disclosed herein; however, it isto be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary ofthe invention, which may be embodied in various forms. Therefore,specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not tobe interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and asa representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variouslyemploy the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailedstructure. It is also noted that any reference to the words top, bottom,up and down, and the like, in this application refers to the alignmentshown in the various drawings, as well as the normal connotationsapplied to such devices, and is not intended to restrict positioning ofthe bone attachment structures, fasteners and tools in actual use.

It is noted that some of the helically wound guide and advancementstructures described in detail herein that include a flange form cannotbe considered a thread form as flange forms include numerous features,including surfaces and contours in addition to and not anticipated bytraditional screw thread technology and nomenclature. However, certainterms used in this application for flange form guide and advancementstructures will be similar to those used in thread form nomenclaturetypically used for v-threads, reverse angle threads, buttress threadsand square threads. For example, in traditional v-thread nomenclature, aflank is often described as a thread face running from a root to a crestof a thread form with the root being the bottom or inmost surfacejoining flanks of two adjacent flanks and the crest being the top oroutmost surface joining two flanks of a single thread form. In thisapplication, the term flank may be used to describe such a surface of av-thread or other type of thread and may also be used to describecertain surfaces of a flange form, such as a loading or thrust surface,but unlike a thread, a flange form flank does not necessarily connect aroot to a crest of a particular form. Similarly, a crest or outermostsurface of a flange form does not necessarily function as the surfacethat joins two flanks as other features, such as loaded or unloadedcurves, contours or substantially flat surfaces may be located between aflank and a crest. Furthermore, while a root surface of a flange formmay typically be substantially cylindrical and a crest surface of aflange form may be at least partially cylindrical, such surface may alsobe sloped or curved. Thus, an entire outer surface which might beidentified as a “crest” surface of a closure plug may or may not be at auniform distance from a cooperating root surface.

Also, the terms lead, pitch and start, as such terms are used todescribe helically wound guide and advancement structures such asv-threads, are to be understood as follows: Lead is a distance along theaxis of a closure or plug that is covered by one complete rotation (360degrees) of the closure with respect to a mating structure. Pitch is thedistance from a location on a crest or most outward surface of onethread or flange form structure to the same location on the next threador adjacent flange form structure. For example in a single-startthread-form, such as a single start, helically wound v-thread closureplug, lead and pitch are the same. Single start means that there is onlyone helically wound form wrapped around a cylindrical core, or in thecase of embodiments of closures according to the present invention,wrapped around a cylindrical closure plug body and thus there is onlyone start structure or surface at a base or forward end of the closurebody that initially engages a mating structure on an open implant. Eachtime a single start closure rotates one turn (360 degrees), the closurehas advanced axially by a width of one thread or helical flange form.Double-start means that there are two threads or forms wrapped around acore body and thus there are two starting surfaces or structures on theclosure plug. Therefore, each time a double-start body rotates one turn(360 degrees), such a body has advanced axially by a width of twothreads or helical flange forms. Multi-start means that there are atleast two and may be up to three or more of threads or other types offorms wrapped around a core body.

Similar to threads, flange forms may also be coarse or fine. Coursethreads as well as course flange forms are those threads or forms with alarger pitch (fewer forms per axial distance) and fine forms have asmaller pitch (more forms per axial distance).

Also it is noted that the term thrust is traditionally defined as theamount of linear output force produced by a given input torque in ascrew and nut drive system. Torque is traditionally defined as theamount of rotational force applied to a screw or nut necessary toproduce linear thrust in a screw and nut system.

Closures according to embodiments of the invention are illustratedhaving an outer plug-like fastener with an outer helically wound flangeform and an inner helically wound v-thread that cooperates with an innerset screw having a mating outer helically wound v-thread. However, otherflange forms or thread forms, including, but not limited to square,reverse angle and buttress thread forms, for example, may be used onboth the outer fastener and the inner set screw. Closures according toembodiments of the invention may be used with a wide variety of medicalimplants, including, but not limited to mono-axial screws and hooks,hinged or uni-planar screws and hooks and dual multi-piece polyaxialbone screws and hooks. A variety of polyaxial bone screws may also beused with closures of the invention and the illustrated embodimentshould not be considered limiting. For example, structures of theinvention may be used with bone screws having top loaded bone screwshanks with spherical heads (such as the illustrated bone screw 1) andalso with bottom-loaded multi-part screw shanks as well as other typesof bottom loaded screws.

With reference to FIGS. 1-32, the reference number 1 generallyrepresents an open implant in the form of a polyaxial bone screwapparatus or assembly that includes a shank 4, that further includes abody 6 integral with an upwardly extending substantially spherical upperportion or head 8; a receiver 10; a compression or pressure insert 14;and a two piece multi-start closure structure or top 18 that includes anouter structure 19 having a double-start helically wound flange-form anda threaded inner plug 20. As will be described in greater detail below,the outer structure 19 mates with the receiver 10 and presses downwardlyagainst the insert 14 that in turn presses against the shank head 8while the inner plug 20 ultimately presses against a longitudinalconnecting member, for example, a rod 21, so as to capture, and fix thelongitudinal connecting member 21 within the receiver 10 and thus fixthe member 21 relative to a vertebra 17. The receiver 10 and the shank 4are initially assembled and then assembled with the insert 14 prior toimplantation of the shank body 6 into a vertebra 17, as will bedescribed in greater detail below.

The illustrated rod 21 is hard, stiff, non-elastic and cylindrical,having an outer cylindrical surface 22. The rod 21 may be elastic,deformable and/or of a different cross-sectional geometry. The receiver10 and the shank 4 cooperate in such a manner that the receiver 10 andthe shank 4 can be secured at any of a plurality of angles,articulations or rotational alignments relative to one another andwithin a selected range of angles both from side to side and from frontto rear, to enable flexible or articulated engagement of the receiver 10with the shank 4 until both are locked or fixed relative to each othernear the end of an implantation procedure. The two piece closure 18allows for fixing the polyaxial mechanism of the assembly 1 and thenallowing for sliding movement and manipulation of the rod 21 until therod is fixed in place by the inner set screw 20.

With particular reference to FIGS. 1-4, the shank 4 includes iselongate, with the shank body 6 having a helically wound boneimplantable thread 24 extending from near a neck 26 located adjacent tothe upper portion or capture structure 8, to a tip 28 of the body 6 andextending radially outwardly therefrom. The illustrated embodiment showsan interleaved shank having a two start 24 lower portion and a fourstart 25 upper portion. However, other shank thread types may be used,including, but not limited to single and dual start forms as well asother multiple start combinations. During use, the body 6 utilizing thethreads 24 and 25 for gripping and advancement is implanted into thevertebra 17 leading with the tip 28 and driven down into the vertebrawith an installation or driving tool (not shown), so as to be implantedin the vertebra to near the neck 26, as more fully described in theparagraphs below. The shank 4 has an elongate axis of rotation generallyidentified by the reference letter A.

The neck 26 extends axially upward from the shank body 6. The neck 26may be of the same or is typically of a slightly reduced radius ascompared to an adjacent upper end or top 32 of the body 6 where thethreaded portion 125 terminates. Further extending axially and outwardlyfrom the neck 126 is the shank upper portion 8 that provides aconnective or capture apparatus disposed at a distance from the upperend 132 and thus at a distance from the vertebra 17 when the body 6 isimplanted in such vertebra.

The shank upper portion 8 is configured for a pivotable connectionbetween the shank 4 and the receiver 10 prior to fixing of the shank 4in a desired angular position with respect to the receiver 10. The shankupper portion 8 has an outer, convex and substantially spherical surface34 that extends outwardly and upwardly from the neck 26. The sphericalsurface 34 participates in a ball and socket joint formed by the shank 4and surfaces defining an inner cavity of the receiver 10 as will bedescribed in greater detail below. The surface 34 defines a hemisphere35, shown in phantom in FIGS. 1 and 23, for example, that has a diameterD1 (shown in phantom in FIG. 3) that is a greatest diameter of thespherical surface 34 running through a center of a sphere defined by thesurface 34. The surface 34 terminates at a substantially planar ledge orshelf 36 that is annular and disposed perpendicular to the shank axis A.Cut in the surface 34 are two sets of grooves 37 and 38, each setwinding helically about the surface 34 and cutting thereinto. The firstset of grooves 37 is located above the hemisphere 35 and the second set38 is located below the hemisphere 35. A smooth central strip or isthmus40 extends about the hemisphere 35 and is located between the groovedportions 37 and 38. The isthmus 40 provides a slick or smooth surfacefor engagement with the receiver (specifically an inner edge 98described in greater detail below) during initial loading of the shank 4into the receiver 10 chamber or cavity during which the shank andreceiver central axes are typically substantially aligned. It isforeseen that other types of grooves or apertures, or other surfacetreatment, such as knurling, may be utilized in lieu of the grooves 37and 38 to provide a desired frictional engagement between the shanksurface 34 and inner surfaces defining the receiver 10 inner chamberduring manipulation and articulation of the shank 4 with respect to thereceive 10 as well as adequate locking engagement, once a desired angleof the shank 4 with respect to the receiver 10 is obtained and alongitudinal connecting member is locked in place within the receiver 10by a closure mechanism in mating engagement with the receiver arms.

Returning to the shank top surface 36, an annular frusto-conical surface48 is located adjacent thereto and extends inwardly toward the axis A. Acounter sunk substantially planar and annular base or seating surface 49partially defines an internal drive feature or imprint, generally 50.The illustrated internal drive feature 50 is an aperture formed in thefrusto-conical surface 48 and the top surface 36 and is sized and shapedfor a positive, non-slip engagement by a shank driving tool (not shown).The drive aperture or feature 50 is a poly drive, specifically, having ahexa-lobular geometry formed by a substantially cylindrical wall 52communicating with equally spaced radially outwardly extending (from theaxis A and from the cylindrical surface 52) rounded cut-outs or lobes 53that are formed in the surface 48 and are located near the top surface36. The wall 52 terminates at the drive seating surface 49 and the lobes53 each terminate at a step 54 that is raised slightly from the seatingsurface 49. Although the hexa-lobular drive feature 50 is preferred fortorque sensitive applications as the lobes are able to receive increasedtorque transfer as compared to other drive systems, it is noted thatother drive systems may be used, for example, a hex drive, star-shapeddrive or other internal drives such as slotted, tri-wing, spanner, twoor more apertures of various shapes, and the like. The seat or base 49of the drive feature 50 is disposed perpendicular to the axis A with thedrive feature 50 otherwise being coaxial with the axis A.

The shank 4 shown in the drawings is cannulated, having a small centralbore 55 extending an entire length of the shank 4 along the axis A. Thebore 55 is defined by an inner cylindrical wall of the shank 4 and has acircular opening at the shank tip 28 and an upper opening communicatingwith the internal drive 50 at the surface 49. The bore 55 is coaxialwith the threaded body 6 and the upper portion 8. The bore 55 provides apassage through the shank 4 interior for a length of wire (not shown)inserted into the vertebra 17 prior to the insertion of the shank body6, the wire providing a guide for insertion of the shank body 6 into thevertebra 17.

To provide a biologically active interface with the bone, the threadedshank body 6 may be coated, perforated, made porous or otherwisetreated. The treatment may include, but is not limited to a plasma spraycoating or other type of coating of a metal or, for example, a calciumphosphate; or a roughening, perforation or indentation in the shanksurface, such as by sputtering, sand blasting or acid etching, thatallows for bony ingrowth or ongrowth. Certain metal coatings act as ascaffold for bone ingrowth. Bio-ceramic calcium phosphate coatingsinclude, but are not limited to: alpha-tri-calcium phosphate andbeta-tri-calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂, tetra-calcium phosphate(Ca₄P₂O₉), amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite(Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂). Coating with hydroxyapatite, for example, isdesirable as hydroxyapatite is chemically similar to bone with respectto mineral content and has been identified as being bioactive and thusnot only supportive of bone ingrowth, but actively taking part in bonebonding.

With particular reference to FIGS. 1 and 5-10, the receiver 10 has agenerally U-shaped appearance with a partially discontinuoussubstantially cylindrical inner profile and a partially cylindrical andpartially planar outer profile. The receiver 10 has an axis of rotationB that is shown in FIG. 1 as being aligned with and the same as the axisof rotation A of the shank 4, such orientation occurring when the shank4 is first downloaded into the receiver 10 during initial assembly.After the receiver 10 is pivotally attached to the shank 4, the axis Bis typically disposed at an angle with respect to the axis A.

The receiver 10 includes a base portion 58 having partiallyfrusto-conical, partially cylindrical and also partially planar 59 outersurface portions. The base 58 is integral with a pair of opposedupstanding arms 60. A cavity, generally 61, is located within the base58. The arms 60 form a cradle and define a U-shaped channel 62 beginningat a U-shaped lower seat 64 located adjacent each of the opposed planarbase portions 59, the channel 62 having a width for operably snuglyreceiving the rod 21 between the arms 60. The channel 62 communicateswith the base cavity 61. In the illustrated embodiment, an arm tab orbreak-off extension 66 is connected to each arm 60 to increase aninitial length of the arm 60 and thus form a rod receiving passageway 67between opposed extensions 66, thereby increasing a length of the rodreceiving channel 62 by a length of the passageway 67. A purpose of thepassageway 67 is to enable capture of the rod at a greater distance fromthe vertebra 17 whereby the rod 21 can be captured by the closure 18 atan opening 69 near top surfaces 70 of the tabs 66 and “reduced” or urgedtoward a seated position within the channel 62 and toward the channelseat 64 by advancement of the closure 18. This provides effectiveleverage in reducing a position of the rod 21 or the vertebra 17 itself.For such purpose, inner surfaces of the tabs 66 are provided with thesame closure guide and advancement structure as inner surfaces of thearms 60 as will be described in greater detail below. The tabs 66 areconnected to the arms 60 by reduced or otherwise weakened regions,generally 68, that include both inner and outer surface features. In theillustrated embodiment, the arms 60 are integral with the tabs 66 at theregion 68 and such region is partially weakened by an outer groove inthe form of a v-cut 71 that extends around a lower perimeter of eachbreak-off extension tab 66. The regions 68 are strong enough to enablethe rod 21 to be urged toward a seated position by the closure 18, boththe rod 21 and closure 18 moving past the regions 68 and into thechannel 62 defined by the stronger arms 60. The weakened regions 68allow for breaking off or separating the extensions 66 from the arms 60at the groove or notch 71 by pivoting or bending the extensions 66 backand forth at the regions 68 while the arms 60 remain in place, typicallyafter the closure 18 has passed between the extensions 66, resulting ina low profile implanted structure as shown in FIG. 30.

Each of the arms 60 and connected tabs 66 has an interior surface thathas a cylindrical profile that further includes a partial helicallywound guide and advancement structure or flange 72 extending radiallyinwardly toward the axis B. Each guide and advancement structure 72begins near the tab top surface 70 and terminates at an annular run-outsurface 74 located adjacent an inner discontinuous cylindrical surface76 that partially defines a run-out area for the closure 18. The run-outarea is also partially defined by a discontinuous annular surface 78located adjacent the surface 76. Both the discontinuous annular surfaces74 and 78 are disposed substantially perpendicular to the axis B, whilethe surface 76 is parallel to the axis B.

In the illustrated embodiment, the guide and advancement structures 72are each in the form of a partial helically wound interlockingflangeform configured to mate under rotation with the dual start closurestructure 18. Thus, unlike single start advancement structures, thehelical forms 72 on the opposing inner arm and extension surfaces thatare configured to mate with the dual start closure top 18 are reverse orflipped images of one another, the structures 72 on each arm 60 beingaligned with respect to the receiver axis B, so that each closurestructure start (reference number 203 as described below) aresimultaneously engaged and captured at each arm extension 66 andthereafter each arm 60 at the same time. Although the illustrated guideand advancement structures 72 are shown as interlocking flange forms, itis foreseen that the guide and advancement structures 72 couldalternatively be of a different geometry, such as a square-shapedthread, a buttress thread, a reverse angle thread or other thread-likeor non-thread-like helically wound discontinuous advancement structurefor operably guiding under rotation and advancing a multi-start closurestructure downward between the receiver arms 60, as well as eventualtorquing when the closure structure 18 abuts against the compressioninsert 14. Further information on interlocking flange forms is provided,for example, in Applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,689.

Located along the flange form 72, a flange form segment, generally 79 atthe weakened region 68 generally opposite the groove or notch 71includes a substantially horizontally positioned recess 80 cut orotherwise formed in the flange form segment 79 to further weaken eachregion 68. Thus, the recess 80 is located mostly within the segment 79,but since it runs horizontally (i.e., substantially perpendicular to thereceiver axis B), it also runs slightly counter to the helical slope ofthe flange form 72. Each recess 80 is curved and elongate and disposedcross-wise or substantially transverse to the flange form section 79.For example, with reference to the arm 60 shown in FIG. 8, the recess 80cuts into the weakened region 68 where a respective arm 60 joins with anadjacent extension 66, the curved and elongate recess 80 beginning at alower end 82 and terminating at an opposed upper end 83 of the flangeform segment 79, while otherwise leaving the flange form 72 intact.Stated in another way, the recess 80 cuts into both a lead portion and atrailing portion of each of the flange form segments 79 located near anddirectly above the opposed arms 60 and substantially opposite the notch71, thus further weakening portions of each of the regions 68, withoutdestroying the flange form path, so that the closure 18 is not derailedby the recess 80 or otherwise prohibited from moving downwardly into thechannel 62.

Each of the arms 60 further include a top surface 82 located directlybelow the weakening notch 71. A tool receiving notch or undercut 84 isformed below the top surface 82 and a remainder of each arm 60 is asubstantially cylindrical surface 86. Each arm break-off extension 66includes a lower outer cylindrical surface 87 spanning from the notch 71to adjacent an upper frusto-conical surface 88 that terminates at thetop surface 70.

Returning to the arm 60 outer surfaces 86, located substantiallycentrally in each arm 60 is a shallow recess 90 formed in the surface86. The recess 90 does not extend all the way through the arm 60 butrather terminates at a crimping wall 92, the wall 92 being relativelythin for pressing against the compression insert 14 as will be describedin greater detail below. In the illustrated embodiment, the wall 92 hasan outer concave and conical surface. However, in other embodiments, thewall 92 may be planar or have other surface geometries. The recess 90being sized and shaped for receiving a tool (not shown) used to press orcrimp some or all of the wall 92 material inwardly toward the axis B andagainst portions of the compression insert 14 as will be described ingreater detail below, to prohibit rotation of the insert 14 with respectto the receiver 10.

The receiver 10 is a one-piece or integral structure and is devoid ofany spring tabs or collet-like structures. In some embodiments, theinsert and/or receiver are configured with further structure forblocking rotation of the insert with respect to the receiver, such asthe crimp walls 92, but allowing some up and down movement of the insertwith respect to the receiver during the assembly and implant procedure.Some or all of the apertures and grooves described herein, including,but not limited to the grooves or notches 84 and the apertures 90 may beused for holding the receiver 10 during assembly with the insert 14 andthe shank 4; during the implantation of the shank body 6 into a vertebraafter the shank is pre-assembled with the receiver 10; during assemblyof the bone anchor assembly 1 with the rod 21 and the closure structure18; and during angular adjustment of the shank 4 with respect to thereceiver 10 as will be described in greater detail below. It is foreseenthat tool receiving grooves or apertures may be configured in a varietyof shapes and sizes and be disposed at other locations on the receiverarm 60 outer and/or inner surfaces as well as surfaces defining the base58.

With particular reference to FIGS. 6 and 8, returning to the interiorarm surfaces, and as previously described herein, located below eachdiscontinuous guide and advancement structure 72 are the surfaces 74, 76and 78 defining closure run-out areas. Below and adjacent to eachdiscontinuous annular surface 78 is a cylindrical surface 94 thatdefines a lower portion of each arm 60 and continues downwardly,defining a portion of the base cavity 61. The surface 94, as well as thesurfaces 74, 76 and 78 are coaxial with the receiver central axis B.Each of the crimp walls 92 are located centrally along the surface 94and a general position of one of the crimp walls 92 is shown in phantomin FIG. 8. Located adjacent to and below the now continuous cylindricalwall 94 is a narrow annular ledge 96 that extends inwardly toward theaxis B. The ledge 96 is substantially planar and is disposedperpendicular to the axis B. The ledge terminates at a circular edge 98that also defines a beginning of a spherical surface 100. The sphericalsurface 100 defines a hemispheric void that has a large or greatdiameter D2 running therethrough as shown in FIG. 24, for example. Alsowith reference to FIG. 24, a diameter S of the circular edge 98 is lessthan the diameter D2 as the edge 98 defines a spheric section of thesurface 100 that does not run through a center of the sphere defined bythe surface 100. The spherical surface diameter D2 is the same orsubstantially similar to the shank upper portion diameter D1. Thus, aswill be described in greater detail below, after the shank upper portion8 is pushed or pulled past the edge 98 during assembly of the shank 4with the receiver 10, the shank surface 34 is in tight, but movable,frictional engagement with the receiver surface 100.

A portion of the spherical surface 100 terminates at a lower edge 101that defines a bottom surface 102 of the receiver 10. The bottom surface102 is substantially planar and is disposed substantially perpendicularto the receiver axis B. Another portion of the spherical surface 100terminates at a lower edge 103 that is disposed at an acute angle withrespect to the lower edge 101. Thus, the edge 103 cuts upwardly into thespherical surface 100 reducing an area of the surface 100 locatedbeneath one of the arms 60, creating clearance for an increased angle ofpivot between the shank 4 and the receiver 10 when the shank 4 ispivoted toward the lower edge 103. The lower edge 103 is also defined byan undercut surface 104 that terminates at a partially cylindricalsurface 105. However, unlike other cylindrical surfaces of the receiver,such as the surface 94, the surface 105 is not coaxial with the receiveraxis B. Rather, a central axis of the surface 105 is disposed at anangle with respect to the axis B, such axis being perpendicular to aplane running through the lower edge 103. The surface 105 terminates ata partially circular edge 106. The edge 106 is partially defined by apartial frusto-conical surface 107 that terminates at a bottom surface108. The bottom surface 108 is substantially parallel and runs parallelto the plane that runs through the lower edge 103. The bottom surface108 and the bottom surface 102 join at curved transition surfaces 109. Areceiver lower opening, generally 110 is defined by the bottom surfaces102 and 108. It is noted that the illustrated lower surfaces 102, 105,107 and 108 and corresponding edges may be greater or fewer in numberand may include other geometries. Furthermore, in other embodiments, thebottom surface 102 may extend along an entire bottom of the receiver 10when a favored extended angle of pivot is not desired or required.Additionally, the receiver cavity 61 may be defined by other additionalsloped, stepped or chamfered surfaces as desired for ease in assembly ofthe shank and other top loaded components.

With particular reference to FIGS. 1 and 11-15, the compression insert14 is illustrated that is sized and shaped to be received by anddown-loaded into the receiver 10 at the upper opening 69. Thecompression insert 14 has an operational central axis that is the sameas the central axis B of the receiver 10. In operation, the insertadvantageously frictionally engages the bone screw shank upper portion 8as well as the closure outer structure 19, locking the shank 4 in adesired angular position with respect to the receiver 10 that remains insuch locked position even if, for example, the rod 21 is placed in andout of a slidable relation with the closure top inner threaded plug 20.Such locked position may also be released by the surgeon if desired byloosening the outer structure 19. The insert 14 is preferably made froma solid resilient material, such as a stainless steel or titanium alloy,so that portions of the insert 14 may be grasped, pinched or pressed, ifnecessary.

The compression insert 14 includes a body 156 with an outersubstantially cylindrical surface 157 and may, in some embodimentsinclude other surfaces, chamfers or cut-outs to provide clearancebetween the insert 14 and other bone anchor components. The body 156 isintegral with a pair of upstanding arms 160. The cylindrical surface 157extends upwardly and forms an outer surface of each of the arms 160.Thus, each arm outer surface is substantially cylindrical in profile butit is foreseen that in other embodiments, the surface may be made from avariety of facets or faces as well as cut-outs to provide for clearancewith other components of the assembly 1. Located on the body 156 beloweach upstanding arm 160 is a shallow aperture 162 formed in the surface157 that in the illustrated embodiment is a substantially conicalsurface 164 that extends toward the insert central axis, but does notextend completely through the respective arm 160. The aperture 162 issized and shaped for receiving material from the receiver crimping wall92. The apertures 162 are each substantially centered on the respectivearm 160 and are opposed to one another. After the insert 14 is placedwithin the receiver 10 and the receiver crimp walls 92 are pressed intothe insert apertures 162, rotation of the insert 15 with respect to thereceiver 10 is prohibited as well as any upward movement of the insert14 out of the receiver 10. In some embodiments of the invention, theapertures 162 are slightly elongate and designed to allow for someupward and downward movement of the insert 14 with respect to thereceiver 10. The insert 14 further includes substantially planar arm topsurfaces 166 located opposite a bottom surface that in the illustratedembodiment is a substantially planar, narrow annular rim 168. Thesurfaces 166 slope radially inwardly and downwardly at about a twodegree incline. A frusto-conical surface 170 joins the rim 168 to theinsert outer cylindrical surface 157.

Returning to the inner surfaces of the insert 14, a through bore,generally 175, is disposed primarily within and through the body 156 andcommunicates with a generally U-shaped through channel formed by asaddle surface 178 that is substantially defined by the upstanding arms160. Near the top surfaces 166, the saddle surface 178 is substantiallyplanar. The saddle 178 has a curved lower seat 179 sized and shaped toclosely, snugly engage the rod 21 or other longitudinal connectingmember. It is foreseen that an alternative embodiment may be configuredto include planar holding surfaces that closely hold a square orrectangular bar as well as hold a cylindrical rod-shaped, cord, orsleeved tensioned cord longitudinal connecting member. The bore,generally 175, is substantially defined at the body 156 by an innercylindrical surface 182 that communicates with the seat 179 and alsocommunicates with a lower concave, radiused or otherwise curved portion184, that in some embodiments may include shank gripping surfaces orridges, the surface portion 184 generally having a radius for closelymating with the surface 34 of the shank upper portion 8. The portion 184terminates at the base surface 168. It is foreseen that the lower shankengaging portion 184 may additionally or alternatively include aroughened or textured surface or surface finish, or may be scored,knurled, or the like, for enhancing frictional engagement with the shankupper portion 8.

The compression insert 14 through bore 175 is sized and shaped toreceive a driving tool (not shown) therethrough that engages the shankdrive feature 50 when the shank body 6 is driven into bone with thereceiver 10 attached. Also, in some embodiments of the invention, thebore may receive a manipulation tool (not shown) used for releasing theinsert 14 from a locked position with the receiver 10, the tool pressingdown on the shank head 8 and also gripping the insert 14 at apertures orother tool receiving features (not shown). Each of the arms 160 and theinsert body 156 may include more surface features, such as cut-outsnotches, bevels, etc. to provide adequate clearance for inserting theinsert 14 into the receiver and cooperating with other components of theassembly. The insert body 156 and arm 160 cylindrical surface 157 has adiameter slightly smaller than a diameter between crests of the guideand advancement structure 72 of the receiver 10, allowing for toploading of the compression insert 14 into the upper opening 69.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 27-32, the illustrated elongate rod orlongitudinal connecting member 21 (of which only a portion has beenshown) can be any of a variety of implants utilized in reconstructivespinal surgery, but is typically a cylindrical, elongate structurehaving the outer substantially smooth, cylindrical surface 22 of uniformdiameter. The rod 21 may be made from a variety of metals, metal alloysand deformable and less compressible plastics, including, but notlimited to rods made of elastomeric, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) andother types of materials, such as polycarbonate urethanes (PCU) andpolyethylenes.

Longitudinal connecting members for use with the assembly 1 may take avariety of shapes, including but not limited to rods or bars of oval,rectangular or other curved or polygonal cross-section. The shape of theinsert 14 may be modified so as to closely hold the particularlongitudinal connecting member used in the assembly 1. Some embodimentsof the assembly 1 may also be used with a tensioned cord. Such a cordmay be made from a variety of materials, including polyester or otherplastic fibers, strands or threads, such as polyethylene-terephthalate.Furthermore, the longitudinal connector may be a component of a longeroverall dynamic stabilization connecting member, with cylindrical orbar-shaped portions sized and shaped for being received by thecompression insert 14 of the receiver having a U-shaped, rectangular- orother-shaped channel, for closely receiving the longitudinal connectingmember. The longitudinal connecting member may be integral or otherwisefixed to a bendable or damping component that is sized and shaped to belocated between adjacent pairs of bone screw assemblies 1, for example.A damping component or bumper may be attached to the longitudinalconnecting member at one or both sides of the bone screw assembly 1. Arod or bar (or rod or bar component) of a longitudinal connecting membermay be made of a variety of materials ranging from deformable plasticsto hard metals, depending upon the desired application. Thus, bars androds of the invention may be made of materials including, but notlimited to metal and metal alloys including but not limited to stainlesssteel, titanium, titanium alloys and cobalt chrome; or other suitablematerials, including plastic polymers such as polyetheretherketone(PEEK), ultra-high-molecular weight-polyethylene (UHMWP), polyurethanesand composites, including composites containing carbon fiber, natural orsynthetic elastomers such as polyisoprene (natural rubber), andsynthetic polymers, copolymers, and thermoplastic elastomers, forexample, polyurethane elastomers such as polycarbonate-urethaneelastomers.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 16-21, the closure 18 is illustrated. Theclosure 18 includes two pieces: the outer structure or fastener 19having an outer guide and advancement structure in the form of adouble-start helically wound splay control flange form and an innerthread sized and shaped for cooperation with the coaxial threaded innerplug 20, the helically wound forms of both of the structures 18 and 19being coaxial and having a central axis of rotation that is the same asthe axis B of the receiver 10 when assembled with the receiver 10.

As will be described in greater detail below, the outer structure 19 ofthe closure top 18 mates under rotation with the receiver 10 having thecentral axis B, the structure 19 pressing downwardly against the insert14 arm top surfaces 166, the insert surface 184 in turn pressingdownwardly against the shank head 8 that in turn frictionally engagesthe receiver 10, locking the polyaxial mechanism of the bone anchor 1,(i.e., fixing the shank 4 at a particular angle with respect to thereceiver 10). The closure inner plug 20 ultimately frictionally engagesand presses against the longitudinal connecting member, for example, therod 21, so as to capture, and fix the longitudinal connecting member 21within the receiver 10 and thus fix the member 21 relative to thevertebra 17.

The multi-start closure 18 outer splay control structure 19 has a doubleor dual start helically wound guide and advancement structure in theform of a pair of identical helically wound forms 202, each illustratedas a flange form that operably joins with mating flange form structures72 disposed on the arms 60 and break-off extensions 66 of the receiver10 to result in an interlocking guide and advancement structure orarrangement. Although a particular flange form structure andrelationship is shown herein, it is noted that flange forms may be of avariety of geometries, including, for example, those described inApplicant's U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/101,859 filed Apr. 8,2005 (US Pub. No. 2005/0182410 published Aug. 18, 2005), which is alsoincorporated by reference herein.

Each form 202 includes a start surface or structure 203 and thus, asshown in FIG. 18, the structure 19 includes two starts 203. Each of theforms 202 may be described more generically as being positioned as aninner flange of the overall structural arrangement as each form 202extends helically on an inner member that in the illustrated embodimentis the closure structure 19. The flange form 72, on the other hand,extends helically within an outer member that in the illustratedembodiment is in the form of the receiver 10 arms 60 and extensions 66.The flanges 202 and 72 cooperate to helically guide the inner member orstructure 19 into the outer member or receiver 10 when the inner member19 is rotated and advanced into the arms of the outer member 10. Theinner and outer flanges 202 and 72 have respective splay regulatingcontours to control splay of the receiver arms 60 when the inner member19 is strongly torqued therein. In some embodiments of the invention themember 19 may be a substantially solid plug that is eventually torquedagainst the rod 21 to clamp the rod within the receiver 10. In theillustrated embodiment, the inner threaded plug 20 is the feature thatultimately clamps down on the rod 21 and also mates with the member 19via a v-thread that will be described in greater detail below. It isnoted that the anti-splay structure provided by the mating flange forms202 and 72 may also be utilized on single-piece cylindrical plug-likeclosures as well as on other types of one and two piece nested closures,for example, those having a break-off head that separates from theclosure when installation torque exceeds a selected level, such as theclosures disclosed in Applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 7,967,850 (see, e.g.,FIGS. 22-25 and accompanying disclosure), that is incorporated byreference herein.

With particular reference to FIGS. 16-21, the illustrated fastenerstructure 19 includes a through-bore 204 extending along the centralaxis and running completely through the fastener structure 19 from a topsurface 205 to a bottom surface 206. The bottom surface 206 issubstantially planar and annular and configured for being receivedbetween the receiver arms 60 and for exclusively abutting against thesubstantially planar top surfaces 166 of the insert arms 160, the insert14 arms 160 being configured to extend above the rod 21 such that theclosure surface 206 is always spaced from the rod 21 or otherlongitudinal connecting member portion received by the insert arms 160and located within the receiver 10.

As indicated previously, the closure or fastener structure 19 issubstantially cylindrical and the two flange forms 202 projectsubstantially radially outwardly. The closure structure 18 helicallywound flange form 202 start structures 203 are located on opposite sidesof the closure structure and are both located adjacent the bottomsurface 206. When the closure structure 19 is rotated into the receiver10 between receiver arms 60, each having the flange form 72 guide andadvancement structure, the start 203 engages mating guide andadvancement structure 72 on one arm break-off extension arm 66 and theopposite start 203 simultaneously engages guide and advancementstructure flange form 72 on the opposing arm extension 66, both forms202 being simultaneously captured by the mating forms 72 on the opposedarm extensions 66. As the structure 19 is rotated, the structureadvances axially downwardly between the break-off extensions 66 and thenthe arms 60 and then presses evenly down upon the insert 14 arm topsurfaces 166. Each time the illustrated duel- or double-start closureplug 19 is rotated one complete turn or pass (three hundred sixtydegrees) between the implant arm extensions or arms, the closure 19advances axially toward and then into the receiver 10 and toward theinsert 14 by a width of two helical flange forms. The closure 19 issized for at least one complete rotation (three hundred sixty degree) ofthe closure 19 with respect to the receiver 10 open arms 60 tosubstantially receive the closure 18 between the implant arms.Multi-start closures of the invention may have two or more coarse orfine helical forms, resulting in fewer or greater forms per axialdistance spiraling about the closure plug body and thus resulting inplugs that rotate less or more than one complete rotation to be fullyreceived between the implant arms. Preferably, helically wound forms ofthe multi-start closure of the invention are sized so as to spiralaround a cylindrical plug body thereof to an extent that the closurerotates at least ninety-one degrees to fully or substantially receivethe closure 19 between the arms of the bone screw receiver or other openimplant. Particularly preferred guide and advancement structures aresized for at least one complete turn or pass (three-hundred sixtydegree) of the closure between the receiver 10 arms 60 and as many astwo to three rotations to be fully received between implant arms.

At the closure structure base or bottom surface 206 and running to nearthe top surface 205, the bore 204 is substantially defined by a guideand advancement structure shown in the drawing figures as an internalV-shaped thread 210. The thread 210 is sized and shaped to receive thethreaded set screw 20 therein as will be discussed in more detail below.Although a traditional V-shaped thread 210 is shown, it is foreseen thatother types of helical guide and advancement structures may be used.Adjacent the closure top surface 205, the bore 204 is defined by adiscontinuous cylindrical surface 212 that runs from the top surface 205to the v-thread 210. The cylindrical surface 212 has a radius measuredfrom the central axis that is the same or substantially similar to aradius from the central axis to a crest 214 the v-thread 210. In theillustrated embodiment, a distance from the top surface 205 to thev-thread 210 measured along the surface 212 is greater than a pitch ofthe v-thread 210, the surface 212 acting as a stop for the inner setscrew or plug 20, preventing the screw 20 from rotating upwardly and outof the structure 19 at the top surface 205. However, it is foreseen thatthe surface 212 may be taller or shorter than shown, and that in someembodiments, a radially inwardly extending overhang or shoulder may belocated adjacent the top surface 205 to act as a stop for the set screw20. In other embodiments, the set screw 20 may be equipped with anoutwardly extending abutment feature near a base thereof, withcomplimentary alterations made in the fastener 19, such that the setscrew 20 would be prohibited from advancing upwardly out of the top ofthe structure 19 due to abutment of such outwardly extending feature ofthe set screw against a surface of the fastener 19. In otherembodiments, the central set screw may be rotated or screwed completelythrough the outer ring member.

With particular reference to FIGS. 16, 17 and 20, formed in the topsurface 205 of the fastener 19 is a cross-slotted internal drive, madeup of three spaced cross-slots, or stated in other way, six equallyspaced radial slots 216. An upper portion 218 of each slot 216 extendsfrom the bore 204 radially outwardly to the flange form 202 root andthus completely through the top surface 205 of the structure 19, eachupper portion 218 being adjacent the cylindrical surface 212 along anentire height thereof. Another, lower portion 219 of each slot 116extends downwardly below the cylindrical surface 212 and cuts into thev-thread 210, terminating at a substantially planar base surface 221 andbeing partially defined by a cylindrical wall 223. The cross-slotteddrive slots or grooves 216 are advantageous in torque sensitiveapplications: the more slots, the greater the torque sensitivity.Further, the slot lower portions 219 provide additional surfaces 221 and223 for gripping by a cooperating drive tool (not shown) sized andshaped to be received by the slot lower portions 219.

The up-loadable set screw 20 has a substantially annular and planar top226 and a substantially circular planar bottom 227. The screw 20 issubstantially cylindrical in shape and coaxial with the outer fastener19. The screw 20 is substantially cylindrical and includes an upperouter cylindrical surface 230 adjacent a v-thread surface portion 232that in turn is adjacent to a lower frusto-conical surface 234 that runsto the base or bottom surface 227. The cylindrical surface 230 is sizedand shaped to be received by the inner cylindrical surface 212 of theouter fastener 19. The v-thread 232 is sized and shaped to be receivedby and mated with the inner thread 210 of the fastener 19 in a nested,coaxial relationship. The frusto-conical surface 234 is sized and shapedto clear the insert 14 arms 160 and exclusively press upon the rod 21 asshown, for example, in FIG. 29.

As illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 16, 17, 19 and 20, the set screw20 includes a central aperture or internal drive feature 240 formed inthe top 226 and sized and shaped for a positive, non-slip engagement bya set screw installment and removal tool (not shown) that may beinserted through the bore 204 of the fastener 19 and then into the driveaperture 240. The drive aperture 240 is a poly drive, specifically,having a hexa-lobular geometry formed by a substantially cylindricalwall 242 communicating with equally spaced radially outwardly extending(from the closure central axis) rounded cut-outs or lobes 244. The wall142 and the lobes 144 terminate at a substantially planar driving toolseating surface 246. Although the hexa-lobular drive feature 240 ispreferred for torque sensitive applications as the lobes are able toreceive increased torque transfer as compared to other drive systems, itis noted that other drive systems may be used, for example, a simple hexdrive, star-shaped drive or other internal drives such as slotted,tri-wing, spanner, two or more apertures of various shapes, and thelike. With reference to FIG. 20, the central set screw aperture 240cooperates with the central internal bore 204 of the fastener 19 foraccessing and uploading the set screw 20 into the fastener 19 prior toengagement with the bone screw receiver 10. After the closure structure19 is inserted and rotated into the flange form 72 of the bone screwreceiver 10, the set screw 20 is rotated by a tool engaging the drivefeature 240 to place the set screw bottom 227 into frictional engagementwith the rod 21 or other longitudinal connecting member. Such frictionalengagement is therefore readily controllable by a surgeon so that therod 21 may be readily be loosened and manipulated until late in thesurgery, if desired. Thus, at any desired time, the set screw 20 may berotated to drive the screw 20 into fixed frictional engagement with therod 21 without varying the angular relationship between the receiver 10and the bone screw shank 4.

It is foreseen that the set screw 20 may further include a cannulationthrough bore extending along a central axis thereof for providing apassage through the closure 18 interior for a length of wire (not shown)inserted therein to provide a guide for insertion of the closure topinto the receiver arms 60. The base or bottom 227 of the screw 20 mayfurther include a rim for engagement and penetration into the surface 22of the rod 21 in certain embodiments of the invention.

The receiver 10, the shank 4 and the compression insert 14 are typicallyassembled at a factory setting that includes tooling for holding,alignment and manipulation of the component pieces, as well as crimpinga portion of the receiver 10 toward and against the insert 14.Pre-assembly of the receiver 10 and the shank 4 is shown in FIGS. 22-24.With particular reference to FIG. 22, the shank 4 is downloaded into thereceiver by initially placing the tip 28 into a position facing thebreak-off extension top surfaces 70 and then lowering the shank 4 intothe receiver opening 69 to a location shown in FIG. 23 with the shankhead 8 hemisphere 35 located above the receiver cavity circular inneredge 98 and the shank body 6 extending downwardly out of the receiverlower opening 110. The shank upper portion or head 8 is then presseddownwardly into the receiver cavity 61 with some force as the smoothsurfaced isthmus 40 that includes the shank hemisphere 35 having thediameter D2 is pushed past the receiver edge 98 having the diameter Suntil the shank surface 34 (both smooth 40 and ridged 38 portions) is intight engagement with the receiver inner surface 100, but still movablein relation to the receiver spherical surface 100 as shown in FIG. 24.From such movable, but tight engagement the terminology, “non-floppy”pivotable engagement arose. Thus, at this time, the shank 4 is pivotablewith respect to the receiver 10 with some force. Pivoting of the shank 4also places some of the ridged surface portion 37 into contact with thereceiver inner surface 100.

With reference to FIGS. 25 and 26, the compression insert 14 is thendownloaded into the receiver 10 through the upper opening 169 with theinsert bottom surface 168 initially facing the receiver break-offextension arm top surfaces 70 and the insert arms 160 located directlyabove and aligned with the extension arms 66. The insert 14 is thenlowered toward the shank head 8 until the insert 14 arms 160 areadjacent the receiver arms and the insert inner surface 184 is inengagement with the shank head spherical surface 34. In someembodiments, the insert arms 160 may need to be compressed slightlyduring assembly to clear inner surfaces of the receiver arms 60.

With particular reference to FIG. 26, at this time, the two crimpingwall portions 92 are pressed inwardly towards the insert 14 and crimpingwall material thus engages the insert walls 164 defining the insertapertures 162. The crimping wall material of the wall 92 pressingagainst the insert 14 at two opposed locations thereby prohibits theinsert 14 from rotating with respect to the receiver axis B. In theillustrated embodiment having the conical shaped recesses and crimpingwalls, any upward movement of the insert 14 is also prohibited by thecrimping wall material of the walls 92. The resulting assembly 1 is nowin a desired position for shipping.

With reference to FIG. 27, the bone screw assembly made up of the shank4, receiver 10 and insert 14 is screwed into a bone, such as thevertebra 17, by rotation of the shank 4 using a suitable driving tool(not shown) that operably drives and rotates the shank body 6 byengagement thereof at the internal drive 50. Specifically, the vertebra17 may be pre-drilled to minimize stressing the bone and have a guidewire (not shown) inserted therein to provide a guide for the placementand angle of the shank 4 with respect to the vertebra. A further taphole may be made using a tap with the guide wire as a guide. Then, thebone screw assembly 1 is threaded onto the guide wire utilizing thecannulation bore 55 by first threading the wire into the opening at theshank bottom 28 and then out of the top opening at the drive feature 50.The shank 4 is then driven into the vertebra using the wire as aplacement guide. It is foreseen that the shank and other bone screwassembly parts, the rod 21 (also having a central lumen in someembodiments) and the closure top 18 having the central bore can beinserted in a percutaneous or minimally invasive surgical manner,utilizing guide wires. At this time, the receiver 10 may be pivoted withrespect to the implanted shank 4 using some force, the surfaces 34 withthe ridges 37 and 38 in close but movable (i.e., non-floppy engagement)with the surface 100, allowing a user to manipulate the receiver 10 withsome force such that once a desired angle of orientation of the receivewith respect to the shank 4 is found, the receiver substantially remainsin such desired position during the surgical procedure and prior tolocking. With reference to FIGS. 105 and 106, for example, that show anassembly 5001 that is similar, but not identical to the assembly 1,prior to locking the insert 14 against the shank head 8, the shank 4 maybe pivoted to a plurality of potentially desirable positions withrespect to the receiver 10, followed by locking of the polyaxialmechanism by fully mating the multi-start closure top outer structure 19with the receiver 10, the structure pressing down on the insert 14 thatin turn presses against the shank head 8 that in turn presses againstthe receiver 10. Thus a variety of different angular or articulatedpositions of the shank 4 with respect to the receiver 10 are possible,some making full use of the sloped bottom surface 108 as shown, forexample with respect to similar receivers shown in FIGS. 92 106.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 27-29, the rod 21 is eventually positionedin an open or percutaneous manner in cooperation with the at least twobone screw assemblies 1. The closure structure 18, with the innerthreaded plug 20 already threadably mated with the outer structure 19 asbest shown in FIG. 28, is then inserted into and advanced between thearms 66 of the break-off extensions of each of the receivers 10. Theclosure structure 18 is rotated, using a tool engaged with the driveslots 216 of the outer closure structure 19 until a selected pressure isreached at which point the outer structure bottom surface 206 engagesthe upper arms surfaces 166 of the insert 14 and presses the insert 14spherical surface 184 into locking engagement with the shank head outersurface 34. As was noted earlier, the two starts 203 of the flange form202 advantageously simultaneously engage the flange form 72 on eachbreak-off extension 66 in the early assembly stage shown in phantom inFIG. 27, providing some stability during a very difficult stage of theassembly process. Also beneficial, the two start closure 19simultaneously engages the flange forms 72 at the weakened regions 68.As the closure structure 19 presses downwardly on the compression insertfurther pressing and then locking the insert spherical surface 184against the shank spherical surface 34 and the shank spherical surface34 against the receiver spherical surface 100, the outer structure 19presses the rod 21 cylindrical surface 22 to a location at or near theinsert saddle seat 179 as shown in FIG. 28. With reference to FIG. 29,after the rod 21 is manipulated to a desired location and orientation,the inner plug 20 is then rotated into locking engagement with the rod21 by rotating a tool (not shown) inserted in the plug inner drivefeature 240.

With reference to FIGS. 30 and 31, the break-off extensions 66 are thenremoved by pivoting or bending the extensions 66 back and forth at theweakened regions 68 and 79 formed by the outer groove or notch 71 andthe inner recess 80. During outward and inward manipulation of theextensions 66 the receiver arms 60 are held firmly in place by theclosure structure 18 already mated and in locking engagement with thereceiver 10, insert 14 and the rod 21. The resulting low-profileimplanted structure is shown in FIG. 32.

If removal of the rod 21 from any of the bone screw assemblies 1 isnecessary, or if it is desired to release the rod 21 at a particularlocation, disassembly is accomplished by using the driving tool (notshown) that mates with the internal drive 240 on the closure inner plug20. This may be all that is required to loosen and manipulate the rod 21without unlocking the polyaxial mechanism. However, if the rod 21 is tobe removed, the structure 19 may be rotated utilizing a tool engaged inthe slots 216 to rotate and remove such closure structure 19 from thecooperating receiver 10. Disassembly is then accomplished in reverseorder to the procedure described previously herein for the assembly.Because the surfaces 34 and 100 remain in tight physical contact, thereceiver will not readily move out of a previously set angularrelationship with the shank 4. However, if desired, some force may beused to adjust the angle of the receiver 10 with respect to the shank 4at this time.

With reference to FIGS. 33-54, an alternative bone anchor embodiment orassembly 1001 is illustrated. The assembly 1001 is substantially similarto the assembly 1 with a few exceptions that include bone shank upperportion or head surface treatment, an alternative top, drop and rotateinsert and a two-piece closure with break-off head. These features aredescribed in greater detail below.

With reference to FIG. 33, the open implant in the form of a polyaxialbone screw apparatus or assembly 1001 includes a shank 1004, thatfurther includes a body 1006 integral with an upwardly extendingsubstantially spherical upper portion or head 1008; a receiver 1010; acompression or pressure insert 1014; and a two piece multi-start closurestructure or top 1018 that includes an outer structure 1019 having adouble-start helically wound flange-form and a threaded inner plug 1020.Similar to what has been described above with respect to the assembly 1,the outer structure 1019 mates with the receiver 1010 and pressesdownwardly against the insert 1014 that in turn presses against theshank head 1008 while the inner plug 1020 ultimately presses against alongitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod 1021, so as tocapture, and fix the longitudinal connecting member 1021 within thereceiver 1010 and thus fix the member 1021 relative to a vertebra, suchas the vertebra 17 shown with respect to the assembly 1. The receiver1010 and shank 1004 are initially assembled and then assembled with theinsert 1014 prior to implantation of the shank body 1006 into thevertebra 1017.

With particular reference to FIGS. 33 and 34, the shank 1004 is almostidentical to the shank 4 previously described herein, having lower andupper thread portions 1024 and 1025, a neck 1026, a tip 1028, a shanktop 1032 a shank head spherical surface 1034, upper portion or headhemisphere (not shown), a planar top 1036 and a drive 1050 with an upperfrusto-conical surface 1048, a drive annular planar base 1049, a drivecylindrical wall 1052, driving lobes 1053, a drive step 1054 and acannulation bore 1055 the same or substantially similar in form andfunction to the respective lower and upper thread portions 24 and 25,neck 26, tip 28, shank top 32, shank head spherical surface 34, upperportion or head hemisphere 35, planar top 36 and drive 50 with upperfrusto-conical surface 48, drive annular planar base 49, drivecylindrical wall 52, driving lobes 53, drive step 54 and cannulationbore 55 of the shank 4 previously described herein with respect to theassembly 1. However, rather than having upper and lower ridged orotherwise treated surfaces on the shank head, the shank head 1008spherical surface 10034 is substantially covered with ridges 1037 fromnear the top surface 1036 to near the neck 2026.

With particular reference to FIGS. 33 and 35-37, the receiver 1010 issubstantially similar in form and function to the receiver 10 previouslydescribed herein with respect to the assembly 1 with the exception ofsome inner geometry that differs from the receiver 10, the innergeometry being sized and shaped for receiving the insert 1014 thatincludes outer arm extension or wings as described more fully below.Thus, the receiver 1010 includes a base 1058 and integral arms 1060, abase cavity 1061, arm extensions 1066, inner flange forms 1072 extendingalong each arm 1060 and arm extension 1066, a weakened region 1068 oneach arm that includes an outer notch or v-cut 1071 and an inner recess1080, extension top surfaces 1070, crimp recesses 1090 and crimpingwalls 1092 that are the same or substantially similar in form andfunction to the receiver 10 respective base 58, integral arms 60, basecavity 61, arm extensions 66, inner flange forms 72 extending along eacharm 60 and arm extension 66, the weakened region 68 on each arm thatincludes the outer notch or v-cut 71 and the inner recess 80, extensiontop surfaces 70, crimp recesses 90 and crimping walls 92, as well asmany other features shown in the receiver 10 and previously describedherein.

With respect to inner surfaces of the receiver 1010, shown for example,in FIGS. 36 and 37, an annular run out surface 1074 and innercylindrical surface 1076 and an annular surface or ledge 1078 form arun-out area and receiving area for the insert 1014. The surfaces 1074,1076 and 1078 are similar in form to the surfaces 74, 76 and 78 of thereceiver 10, but they function in a different manner and encompass alarger inner area of the receiver 1010 with the surface 1076 beingtaller than the surface 76.

With respect to the base cavity 1061, the receiver 1010 includes acylindrical surface 1094, a circular spheric edge 1098, an innerspherical surface 1100 and other cavity 1061 features that are identicalor substantially similar to the cylindrical surface 94, circular sphericedge 98, inner spherical surface 100 and other features of the basecavity 61 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1.The receiver 1010 further includes planar bottom surfaces 1102 and 1108and other features defining a lower opening 1110 that are the same orsubstantially similar in form and function to the surfaces 102 and 108and other features defining the lower opening 110 of the receiver 10previously described herein.

With reference to FIGS. 38-42, the insert 1014 is substantially similarto the insert 14 in form and function with the exception of outerextensions or wings located on each arm that provide greater surfacearea for contact with the closure outer portion 19. Thus, the insert1014 otherwise includes an insert body 1156, an outer substantiallycylindrical surface 1157, opposed upstanding arms 1160 each with a crimpaperture 1162 having a substantially conical wall 1164, arm top surfaces1166, a bottom annular planar rim surface 1168 terminating at afrusto-conical chamfer 1170, a through bore 1175, a saddle 1178 a lowersaddle seat 1179, an inner cylindrical surface 1182 and a lower curvedor radiused surface portion 1184 the same or substantially similar tothe respective body 156, outer substantially cylindrical surface 157,opposed upstanding arms 160 each with crimp apertures 162 havingsubstantially conical walls 164, arm top surfaces 166, the bottomannular planar rim surface 168 terminating at the frusto-conical chamfer170, the through bore 175, saddle 178, lower saddle seat 179, innercylindrical surface 182 and lower curved or radiused surface portion 184of the insert 14 previously discussed herein. Furthermore, the insert1014 includes a pair of opposed extensions or wings, generally, 1188that are integral with and extend outwardly from each arm 1160. Eachwing 1188 is partially defined by the respective arm top surface 1166that extends outwardly and away from the cylindrical surface 1157,terminating at a substantially cylindrical outer surface 1190. Eachcylindrical surface 1190 is adjacent to a substantially planar lower orbottom wing surface 1192 that extends substantially from the cylindricalsurface 1157 to the cylindrical surface 1190. One or more curvedsurfaces may form a transition between the cylindrical arm surface 1157and the planar bottom surface 1192. Each arm top surface 1166 and wingbottom surface 1192 are substantially parallel and evenly spaced and thecylindrical surface 1190 is substantially perpendicular to both the topsurface 1166 and the wing bottom surface 1192. Each wing 1188 is sizedand shaped to be closely received within the run-out area of thereceiver 1010 defined by the surfaces 1074, 1076 and 1078. As will bediscussed in greater detail below, during assembly, the insert 1014 isrotated into place within the receiver 1010 with the cylindrical surface1190 closely received by the receiver cylindrical surface 1076. Eachwing 1188 further includes opposed substantially planar front and backsurfaces 1194 and a slightly downwardly and inwardly sloping uppersurface 1195 that spans between each top surface 1166 and the respectiveinner saddle surface 1178. The illustrated surface 1195 slopesdownwardly at about a two degree angle with respect to the surface 1166.The surface 1195 is sized and shaped for frictionally engaging theclosure 1018 outer structure 1019.

With reference to FIGS. 43-46, the two-piece closure 1018 is shownhaving an outer structure 1019 and an inner plug 1029 that issubstantially similar to the closure 18 previously described hereinhaving the outer structure 19 and inner plug 20. However, the closure1018 outer structure 1019 further includes a break-off head 1201designed to twist off and break away from the structure 1019 once adesired torque is reached (for example, 70 to 140 inch pounds) when thestructure 1019 is rotated within the receiver 1010 and tightened intolocking frictional engagement with the insert 1014. Thus, because of thebreak-off head 1201, a drive feature 1216 of the outer closure structure1019 differs from the slotted drive feature 216 of the closure structure19 previously described herein. As will be described in greater detailbelow, the drive feature 1216 is similar to the multi-lobular drivefeature of the insert plug or set screw 1020 (that is similar to the setscrew 20 previously described herein), but the lobes are in a positionslightly advanced or rotated with respect to the lobes of the screw 1020(when the screw 1020 is fully received within the closure 1019 andcannot be rotated upwardly any further as shown in FIG. 44) so that auser cannot access the inner plug driving lobes until the break-off head1201 is removed.

As stated above, the closure 1018 includes two pieces: the outerstructure or fastener 1019 having an outer guide and advancementstructure in the form of a double-start helically wound splay controlflange form and an inner thread sized and shaped for cooperation withthe coaxial threaded inner plug 1020, the helically wound forms of bothof the structures 1018 and 1019 being coaxial and having a central axisof rotation that is the same as the central axis of the receiver 1010when assembled with the receiver 10. The outer structure 1019 of theclosure top 1018 mates under rotation with the receiver 1010, thestructure 1019 pressing downwardly against the insert 1014 arm topsurfaces 1166, the insert surface 1184 in turn pressing downwardlyagainst the shank head 1008 that in turn frictionally engages thereceiver 1010, locking the polyaxial mechanism of the bone anchor 1001,(i.e., fixing the shank 1004 at a particular angle with respect to thereceiver 1010). The closure inner plug 1020 ultimately frictionallyengages and presses against the longitudinal connecting member, forexample, the rod 1021, so as to capture, and fix the longitudinalconnecting member 1021 within the receiver 1010 and thus fix the member1021 relative to the vertebra 17.

The multi-start closure 1018 outer splay control structure 1019 has adouble or dual start helically wound guide and advancement structure inthe form of a pair of identical helically wound forms 1202, eachillustrated as a flange form that operably joins with mating flange formstructures 1072 disposed on the arms 1060 and break-off extensions 1066of the receiver 1010 to result in an interlocking guide and advancementstructure or arrangement as described above with respect to the receiver10 and the closure 18. Each form 1202 includes a start surface orstructure 1203 and thus, as shown in FIG. 46, the structure 19 includestwo starts 1203. The closure and receiver flanges 1202 and 1072 haverespective splay regulating contours to control splay of the receiverarms 1060 when the inner member 1019 is strongly torqued therein.

With particular reference to FIGS. 43 and 44, the illustrated fastenerstructure 1019 includes a through-bore 1204 extending along the centralaxis and running completely through the fastener structure 1019 from aplanar and substantially annular top surface 1205 of the break-off head1201 to a bottom surface 1206 of the fastener 1019. The break-off head1201 is substantially cylindrical in outer contour from the top surface1205 to a weakened region, generally 1027. The illustrated break-offhead 1201 is integral with the closure outer structure 1019 at theweakened region 1207 that is also located near a top substantiallyannular and planar surface 1208 of the structure 1019, the weakenedregion 1207 being primarily defined by a notch or groove 1209 cut intothe cylindrical surface of the break-off head 1201.

The closure structure 1019 bottom surface 1206 is substantially planarand annular and configured for being received between the receiver arms1060 and for exclusively abutting against the substantially planar topsurfaces 1166 of the insert arms 1160. The insert 1014 arms 1160 areconfigured to extend above the rod 1021 such that the closure surface1206 is always spaced from the rod 1021 or other longitudinal connectingmember portion received by the insert arms 1160 and located within thereceiver 1010. When the closure structure 1019 is rotated into thereceiver 1010 between receiver arms 1060, each having the flange form1072 guide and advancement structure, the start 1203 engages matingguide and advancement structure 1072 on one arm break-off extension 1066and the opposite start 1203 simultaneously engages the guide andadvancement structure flange form 1072 on the opposing arm extension1066, both forms 1202 being simultaneously captured by the mating forms1072 on the opposed arm extensions 1066. As the structure 1019 isrotated, the structure advances axially downwardly between the break-offextensions 1066 and then the arms 1060 and then presses evenly down uponthe insert 1014 arm top surfaces 1166.

At the closure structure base or bottom surface 1206 and running to nearthe top surface 1208, the bore 1204 is substantially defined by a guideand advancement structure shown in the drawing figures as an internalV-shaped thread 1210. The thread 1210 is sized and shaped to receive thethreaded set screw 1020 therein as will be discussed in more detailbelow. Although a traditional V-shaped thread 1210 is shown, it isforeseen that other types of helical guide and advancement structuresmay be used. Adjacent the closure top surface 1208, the bore 1204 isdefined by a cylindrical surface 1212 that runs from the v-thread 1210,past the surface 1208 and joins with an upwardly and inwardly directedfrusto-conical surface 2013 located on the break-off head 1201. Thecylindrical surface 1212 has a radius measured from the closure centralaxis that is the same or substantially similar to a radius from thecentral axis to a crest 1214 of the v-thread 1210. In the illustratedembodiment, when the break-off head 1201 is removed, a distance from thetop surface 1208 to the v-thread 1210 measured along the surface 1212 isgreater than a pitch of the v-thread 1210, the surface 1212 acting as astop for the inner set screw or plug 1020, preventing the screw 1020from rotating upwardly and out of the structure 1019 at the top surface1205.

The frusto-conical surface 1213 extends between the cylindrical surface1212 and an upper multi-lobular drive feature, generally 1215, of thebreak-off head 1201. With particular reference to FIG. 44, the drivefeature 1215 is formed in the top surface 1206 and sized and shaped fora positive, non-slip engagement by a closure installment and removaltool (not shown) that may be inserted through the bore 1204 of thefastener 1019 and then into the drive aperture 1215. The drive aperture1215 is a poly drive, specifically, having a hexa-lobular geometryformed by a substantially cylindrical wall 1216 communicating withequally spaced radially outwardly extending (from the closure centralaxis) rounded cut-outs or lobes 1217 (see FIGS. 44 and 45). The wall1216 and the lobes 1217 terminate at the frusto-conical surface 1213.The hexa-lobular drive feature 1215 is preferred for torque sensitiveapplications as the lobes are able to receive increased torque transferas compared to other drive systems. However, it is noted that otherdrive systems may be used for a closure inner drive, for example, asimple hex drive, star-shaped drive or other internal drives such asslotted, tri-wing, spanner, two or more apertures of various shapes, andthe like.

With reference to FIGS. 43 and 44, the up-loadable set screw 1020 has asubstantially annular and planar top 1226 and a substantially circularplanar bottom 1227. The screw 1020 is substantially cylindrical in shapeand coaxial with the outer fastener 1019. The screw 1020 includes anupper outer cylindrical surface 1230 adjacent a v-thread surface portion1232 that in turn is adjacent to a lower frusto-conical surface 1234that runs to the base or bottom surface 1227. The cylindrical surface1230 is sized and shaped to be received by the inner cylindrical surface1212 of the outer fastener 1019. The v-thread 1232 is sized and shapedto be received by and mated with the inner thread 1210 of the fastener1019 in a nested, coaxial relationship. The frusto-conical surface 1234is sized and shaped to clear the insert 1014 arms 1160 and exclusivelypress upon the rod 1021 as shown, for example, in FIG. 53.

As illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 44 and 45, the set screw 1020includes a central aperture or internal drive feature, generally 1240,formed in the top 1226 and sized and shaped for a positive, non-slipengagement by a set screw installment and removal tool (not shown) thatmay be inserted into the drive aperture 1240 after the break-off head1201 is removed. The drive aperture 1240 is a poly drive, specifically,having a hexa-lobular geometry formed by a substantially cylindricalwall 1242 communicating with equally spaced radially outwardly extending(from the closure central axis) rounded cut-outs or lobes 1244. The wall1242 and the lobes 2144 terminate at a substantially planar driving toolseating surface 1246. Although the hexa-lobular drive feature 1240 ispreferred for torque sensitive applications as the lobes are able toreceive increased torque transfer as compared to other drive systems, itis noted that other drive systems may be used, for example, a simple hexdrive, star-shaped drive or other internal drives such as slotted,tri-wing, spanner, two or more apertures of various shapes, and thelike. With reference to FIGS. 43 and 44, the plug or set screw 1020 isinserted into the central internal bore 1204 of the fastener 1019 androtated to upload the set screw 1020 into the fastener 1019 prior toassembly of the two-piece closure 1018 with the bone screw receiver1010. As indicated above, the two drives 1215 and 1240 are preferablyaligned as shown in FIG. 45 during assembly with the receiver 1010 suchthat the lobes 1217 of the drive 1215 of the outer fastener 1019 are notin alignment with the lobes 1244 of the set screw drive 1240. When insuch position, the set screw bottom surface 1227 is desirably locatedwithin the outer closure structure 1019 such that the outer structurebottom surface 1206 is the only surface that initially bears down on therod, but that allows the rod clearance and freedom of movement withinthe receiver when the bottom surface 1206 engages the insert arm topsurfaces 1166. Thus, when the outer fastener 1019 is rotated into thereceiver 1010 break-off extensions 1066 and receiver arms 1060, thedriving tool is not engaged with the set screw drive 1240 so that at apreferred torque, the break-off head 1201 will twist off of the closure1018 and then removed with the driving tool. It is foreseen that inother embodiments of the invention, the outer closure structure 1019drive feature and the inner plug or set screw 1020 drive feature may beof different geometries to ensure that a driving tool does not engagethe inner set screw until the break-off head is removed. In theillustrated closure 1018, however, if desired, a user could align thelobes 1217 with the lobes 1244, if desired, in order to rotate bothparts of the closure 1018 at the same time.

In the illustrated embodiment, after the closure structure 1019 isinserted and rotated into the flange form 1072 of the bone screwreceiver 1010 and the break-off head 1201 has twisted off and removed,the set screw 1020 is rotated by a tool engaging the drive feature 1240to place the set screw bottom 1227 into frictional engagement with therod 1021 or other longitudinal connecting member. Such frictionalengagement is therefore readily controllable by a surgeon so that therod 1021 may be readily be loosened and manipulated until late in thesurgery, if desired. Thus, at any desired time, the set screw 1020 maybe rotated to drive the screw 1020 into fixed frictional engagement withthe rod 1021 without varying the angular relationship between thereceiver 1010 and the bone screw shank 1004 that is already in lockedfrictional engagement by pressure from the closure outer structure 1019on the insert 1014 that presses against the bone screw shank 1008 thatin turn presses against the receiver 1010.

It is foreseen that the set screw 1020 may further include a cannulationthrough bore extending along a central axis thereof for providing apassage through the closure 1018 interior for a length of wire (notshown) inserted therein to provide a guide for insertion of the closuretop into the receiver arm extensions 1066 and then the arms 1060. Thebase or bottom 1227 of the screw 1020 may further include a rim forengagement and penetration into the surface 1022 of the rod 1021 incertain embodiments of the invention.

The receiver 1010, the shank 1004 and the compression insert 1014 aretypically assembled at a factory setting that includes tooling forholding, alignment and manipulation of the component pieces, as well ascrimping a portion of the receiver 1010 toward and against the insert1014. Pre-assembly of the receiver 1010 and the shank 1004 bydownloading the shank 1004 into the receiver 1010 is shown, for example,in FIG. 47 and is accomplished in a manner identical to that previouslydescribed herein with respect to the shank 4 and receiver 10 and shownin FIGS. 22-24.

With reference to FIGS. 48 and 49, the compression insert 1014 is thendownloaded into the receiver 1010 through the receiver upper openingwith the insert bottom surface 1168 initially facing the receiverbreak-off extension arm top surfaces 1070 and the insert arms 1160located above and between the extension arms 1066 as shown in phantom inFIG. 48. The insert 1014 is then lowered toward the shank head 1008until the insert 1014 arms 1160 are located below the receiver annularsurface 1074. At that time, the insert 1014 is rotated about thereceiver central axis either clock-wise or counter-clockwise until theinsert arms 1160 are adjacent the receiver arms and the insert wings1188 are located directly beneath each of the surfaces 1074 with thewing outer surfaces 1190 being closely received and adjacent to thereceiver inner cylindrical surfaces 1076. In some embodiments, theinsert arms 1160 may need to be compressed slightly during assembly toclear all of the inner surfaces of the receiver arms 1060.

With particular reference to FIG. 49, at this time, the two crimpingwall portions 1092 are pressed inwardly towards the insert 1014 andcrimping wall material thus engages the insert walls 1164 defining theinsert apertures 1162. The crimping wall material of the wall 1092pressing against the insert 1014 at two opposed locations therebyprohibits the insert 1014 from rotating with respect to the receivercentral axis. In the illustrated embodiment having the conical shapedrecesses and crimping walls, any upward movement of the insert 1014 isprohibited by the receiver guide and advancement structure 1072 and alsoby the crimping wall material of the walls 1092. The resulting assembly1001 is now in a desired position for shipping and for implanting into avertebra, such as the vertebra 17 as previously described herein withrespect to the assembly 1. As with the assembly 1, prior to locking theinsert 1014 against the shank head 1008, the shank 1004 may be pivoted(using some force to overcome the friction fit between the shank headand the receiver) to a plurality of potentially desirable positions withrespect to the receiver 1010, followed by locking of the polyaxialmechanism by mating and rotating the multi-start closure top outerstructure 1019 with respect to the receiver 1010, the structure 1019pressing down on the insert 1014 that in turn presses against the shankhead 1008 that in turn presses against the receiver 1010. Thus a varietyof different angular or articulated positions of the shank 1004 withrespect to the receiver 1010 are possible, some making full use of thesloped bottom surface 1108 as shown, for example in FIGS. 92 and 106.

With reference to FIGS. 50-53, the rod 2021 is eventually positioned inan open or percutaneous manner in cooperation with the at least two bonescrew assemblies 1001 (or 1). The closure structure 1018, with the innerthreaded plug 1020 already threadably mated with the outer structure1019 as shown, for example, in FIG. 44, is then inserted into andadvanced between the arms 1066 of the break-off extensions of each ofthe receivers 1010. The closure structure 1018 is rotated, using a toolengaged with the break-off head drive feature 1215 of the outer closurestructure 1019 until a selected pressure is reached at which point theouter structure bottom surface 1206 engages the insert 1014 arm tops1166 substantially at the inwardly and slightly downwardly slopingsurfaces 1195 and presses the insert 1014 spherical surface 1184 intolocking frictional engagement with the shank head outer surface 1034.The two starts 1203 of the flange form 1202 advantageouslysimultaneously engage the flange form 1072 on each break-off extension1066 in the early assembly stage shown in phantom in FIG. 50, providingsome stability during a very difficult stage of the assembly process.Also beneficial, the two start closure 1019 simultaneously engages theflange forms 1072 at the weakened regions 1068. As the closure structure1019 presses downwardly on the compression insert further pressing andthen locking the insert spherical surface 1184 against the shankspherical surface 1034 and the shank spherical surface 1034 against thereceiver spherical surface 1100, the outer structure 1019 presses therod 1021 cylindrical surface 1022 to a location at or near the insertsaddle seat 1179. As shown in FIG. 52, at such time the break-off head1201 twists off of the fastener 1019 at the weakened region 1207 and isthen removed from the receiver arm extensions 1066 and out the top ofthe channel partially defined by the guide and advancement structure1072. With reference to FIG. 53, after the rod 21 is manipulated to adesired location and orientation, the inner plug 1020 is then rotatedinto locking frictional engagement with the rod 1021 by rotating thedriving tool (not shown) inserted in the plug inner drive feature 1240.

With reference to FIG. 54, the break-off extensions 1066 are thenremoved by pivoting or bending the extensions 1066 back and forth at theweakened regions 1068 and 1079 formed by the respective outer groove ornotch 1071 and inner recess 1080. During outward and inward manipulationof the extensions 1066, the receiver arms 1060 are held firmly in placeby the closure structure 1018 already mated and in locking engagementwith the receiver 1010, insert 1014 and the rod 1021. The resultinglow-profile implanted structure is also shown in FIG. 54.

If removal of the rod 1021 from any of the bone screw assemblies 1 or1001 is necessary, or if it is desired to release the rod 1021 at aparticular location, disassembly is accomplished by using the drivingtool (not shown) that mates with the internal drive 1240 on the closureinner plug 1020. This may be all that is required to loosen andmanipulate the rod 21 without unlocking the polyaxial mechanism.However, if the rod 1021 is to be removed, the inner plug 1020 andattached outer structure 1019 may be rotated by continued rotation ofthe driving tool mated with the internal drive 1240. Disassembly is thenaccomplished in reverse order to the procedure described previouslyherein for assembly. Because the surfaces 1034 and 1100 remain in tightphysical contact, the receiver will not readily move out of a previouslyset angular relationship with the shank 1004. However, if desired, someforce may be used to adjust the angle of the receiver 1010 with respectto the shank 1004 at this time.

With reference to FIGS. 55-67, an alternative cam surface insert 1014′is illustrated that is assembled with the shank 1004 and a receiver1010′ in lieu of the insert 1014, resulting in an alternative boneanchor embodiment or assembly 1001′. The receiver 1010′ is identical tothe receiver 1010 previously described herein with the exception of aslight adjustment to the position of the flange forms on the receiverand break-off extension arms to provide clearance for portions of theinsert 1014′ as will be described in greater detail below. Thus, thereceiver 1010′ will not be described in detail herein and all of thenumbered features for the receiver 1010′ are the same in form andfunction as the numbered features of the receiver 1010, but arereferenced with an added “′” at the end of each number to make clearthat the insert 1010′ is slightly different from the insert 1010.

Thus, the assembly 1001′ is substantially similar to the assembly 1001previously described herein with the exception of the alternative insert1014′. Only the insert 1014′ and the cooperation of the insert 1014′with the shank 1004, receiver 1010′ and closure 1018 will be describedwith respect to FIGS. 55-67 as all other features have been discussed inthe previously described assemblies 1 and 1001. Upper sloping or“camming” surfaces of the insert 1014′ advantageously cooperate with thereceiver closure run-out surfaces 1074′ to aid in the top, drop androtate loading of insert 1014′ with respect to the receiver 1010′. Aswill be described in greater detail below, when the insert 1014′ isrotated into a desired operational position, the closure run-outsurfaces 1074′ function as a block to any further rotation of the insert1014′, the insert being placed in a desired position with each insertarm aligned centrally with the adjacent receiver arm. Although theillustrated embodiment also includes crimping walls that aid incentering and alignment of the insert as previously discussed withregard to the assemblies 1 and 1001, in certain situations, crimpingwalls alone may or may not withstand the extreme torque placed on aninsert during tightening of a closure top, causing the insert to rotateout of the desired centered position. The ramped or camming surfaces ofthe illustrated insert 1014′ are designed to abut against the receiver1010′ run-out surfaces so that the receiver run-out surfaces act as anabutment to any further rotation in the direction of rotation. Thus,eventual tightening of a closure top against top surfaces of the insert1014′ in the same rotational direction cannot rotate the insert 1014′out of the desired centered and aligned position with respect to thereceiver 1010′. The crimp walls aid in keeping the insert centered whenthe insert is pushed in an opposite direction, such as, for example,when the closure is removed for any reason.

Furthermore, it is noted that in some embodiments of the invention, thefriction fit between the shank upper portion 1008 and the receiver innerspherical surface 1100′ is increased or further supported by theengagement of the camming insert 1014′ with the shank head or upperportion 1008, even when a rod or closure is not yet placed in thereceiver or has been removed from the receiver. In such embodiments,rotation of the insert 1014′ helically sloping surfaces against theclosure run-out surfaces 1074′ moves the insert 1014′ downwardly duringrotation thereof into a friction or press fit engagement with the shankhead 1008. Thus, in situations where the shank head is loose or moreeasily slidable with respect to the receiver when the insert 1014′ isnot yet loaded (either by design or because of tolerances), once theinsert 1014′ is rotated into place and such rotation lowers the insertinto frictional contact with the shank upper portion 1008, the shank1004 is then only pivotable with respect to the receiver 1010′ in a“non-floppy” manner by using a force to move the shank upper portionwith respect to the insert.

It is foreseen that in other embodiments (such as an embodiment having auploaded shank), upper cam or ramped surfaces of the insert may bemodified such that rotation of the insert with respect to a receiverpresses the insert downwardly on the shank head 1008 with enough forceto frictionally lock the polyaxial mechanism of the bone screw. Thus,such action frictionally locks the shank in a desired angularrelationship with the receiver prior to insertion of a rod or otherlongitudinal connecting member, resulting in a bone screw assembly thatperforms like a mono-axial screw during manipulation of the individualcomponents during surgery.

With particular reference to FIGS. 56-62, the insert 1014′ issubstantially similar to the insert 1014 in form and function with theexception of upper surfaces 1166′ of the arms thereof that includeopposed sloping or ramp surfaces 1167′ formed thereon. Each of theramped surfaces 1167′ include contours complimentary to and thus closelyreceived but cleared by adjacent receiver flange form 1072′ lowersurfaces that make up a lower toe or load flank thereof as shown, forexample, in FIG. 65. As will be described in greater detail below, asthe insert 1014′ is rotated into an operating position within thereceive 1010′, the ramped surfaces 1167′ engage the receiver surfaces1074′ and thus the insert 1014′ acts as a cam, making initial slidingcontact with the surface 1074′ while rotating the insert and thus movingthe insert 1014′ downwardly in the receiver toward the receiver base1058′. The insert ramped surfaces 1167′ are sized and shaped to fullyfrictionally engage and be stopped from further rotation by thecooperating receiver surfaces 1074 when the insert is located at adesired central location with the insert arms aligned with the receiverarms and the receiver crimp walls being adjacent the insert crimpapertures. As stated above, the ramped surfaces 1167′ may also be sizedand shaped so that when the insert is stopped, it is also in anon-floppy, frictional or press fit engagement with the shank upperportion 1008 wherein the upper portion 1008 can be pivoted with respectto the insert by using some force.

The insert 1014′ thus otherwise includes an insert body 1156′, an outersubstantially cylindrical surface 1157′, opposed upstanding arms 1160′each with a crimp aperture 1162′ having a substantially conical wall1164′, a bottom annular planar rim surface 1168′ terminating at afrusto-conical chamfer 1170′, a through bore generally 1175′, a saddle1178′ a lower saddle seat 1179′, an inner cylindrical surface 1182′ anda lower curved or radiused surface portion 1184′ the same orsubstantially similar to the respective body 1156, outer substantiallycylindrical surface 1157, opposed upstanding arms 1160 each with crimpapertures 1162 having substantially conical walls 1164, bottom annularplanar rim surface 1168 terminating at the frusto-conical chamfer 1170,the through bore 1175, saddle 1178, lower saddle seat 1179, innercylindrical surface 1182 and lower curved or radiused surface portion1184 of the insert 1014 previously described herein (also as previouslydescribed herein with respect to the insert 14). Furthermore, similar tothe insert 1014, the insert 1014′ includes a pair of opposed extensionsor wings, generally, 1188′, each wing 1188′ partially defined by therespective arm top surface 1166′. Each wing 1188′ also extends outwardlyand away from the cylindrical surface 1157′ and terminates at asubstantially cylindrical outer surface 1190′. Each cylindrical surface1190′ is adjacent to a substantially planar lower or bottom wing surface1192′ that extends substantially from the cylindrical surface 1157′ tothe cylindrical surface 1190′. One or more curved surfaces may form atransition between the cylindrical arm surface 1157′ and the planarbottom surface 1192′. Each wing 1188′ further includes opposedsubstantially planar front and back surfaces 1194′ and a slightlydownwardly and inwardly sloping upper surface 1195′ that spans betweeneach of the top surface portions 1166′ and 1167′ and the respectiveinner saddle surface 1178′. The insert arm surfaces 1195′ are sized toreceive and engage the annular bottom surface of the closure structure1019. During assembly, the insert 1014 is rotated into place within thereceiver 1010′ with the cylindrical surface 1190′ closely received bythe receiver cylindrical surface 1076′ and the insert top surfaces 1166′and 1167′ cooperating with and engaging the receiver surfaces 1074′while clearing the receiver flange forms 1072′.

The receiver 1010′, the shank 1004 and the compression insert 1014′ aretypically assembled at a factory setting that includes tooling forholding, alignment and manipulation of the component pieces, as well ascrimping a portion of the receiver 1010′ toward and against the insert1014′. Pre-assembly of the receiver 1010′ and the shank 1004 isaccomplished in a manner identical to that previously described hereinwith respect to the shank 4 and receiver 10 and shown in FIGS. 22-24.

With reference to FIGS. 55 and 63, the compression insert 1014′ is thendownloaded into the receiver 1010′ through the receiver upper openingwith the insert bottom surface 1168′ initially facing the receiverbreak-off extension arm top surfaces 1070′ and the insert arms 1160′located above and between the extension arms 1066′. The insert 1014′ isthen lowered toward the shank head 1008 until the insert 1014′ arms1160′ are located near the receiver annular surface 1074′ and the insertbottom rim 1168′ is seated on the shank head 1008. With furtherreference to FIG. 63, at such time lower portions of the ramp surfaces1167′ are located below the surfaces 1074′ and the upper un-ramped armportions 1166′ are located slightly above the surfaces 1074′. Withreference to FIGS. 63-65, thereafter, the insert 1014′ is rotated aboutthe receiver 1010′ central axis in a clock-wise direction. Each of theramp surfaces 1166′ initially are relatively easily slidingly receivedunder each surface 1074′ and the wings 1188 are slidingly received bythe cylindrical surfaces 1076′. Then, as rotation continues, the rampsurfaces 1166′ begin to frictionally engage the respective surfaces1074′ until the frictional engagement is such that the ramp surfaces1166′ are wedged against the annular surfaces 1074′ and the insert arms1160′ are adjacent the receiver arms 1060′ and aligned therewith, withthe wing outer surfaces 1190′ being closely received and adjacent to thereceiver inner cylindrical surfaces 1076′, as shown, for example inFIGS. 64-66.

As noted previously, the receiver 1010′ flange forms 1072′ arepositioned to provide adequate clearance between such flange forms andthe insert 1014′ upper surfaces 1166′ and 1167′. With particularreference to FIG. 65, the receiver flange form 1072′ terminates at alocation X′ that allows for a run or helical slope of the flange form1072′ that provides adequate clearance between the flange form 1072′lower contour or toe where the ramp surface 1166′ joins with the higherun-ramped portion 1166′. In comparison, reference is made to thelocation X of the flange form 1072 of the receiver 1010 shown in FIG. 49that indicates where the receiver flange form 1072 lower contour or toeterminates. The location X′ is shifted to the right as compared to thelocation X of the flange form 1072 toe run-out of the receiver 1010,providing for greater clearance between the flange form 1072′ toe nearthe juncture of the surfaces 1166′ and 1167′ than between the flangeform toe of the form 1072 and the surface 1166.

After the insert 1014′ is rotated into the position shown in FIGS.64-66, the two crimping wall portions 1092′ are pressed inwardly towardsthe insert 1014′ and crimping wall material thus engages the insertwalls 1164′ defining the insert apertures 1162′. The crimping wallmaterial of the wall 1092′ presses against the insert 1014′ at twoopposed locations thereby prohibiting the insert 1014′ from rotatingback out of the receiver, in a counter-clockwise direction. Theresulting assembly 1001′ is now in a desired position for shipping andfor implanting into a vertebra, such as the vertebra 17 as previouslydescribed herein with respect to the assembly 1. As with the assembly 1and 1001, prior to locking the insert 1014′ against the shank head 1008,the shank 1004 may be pivoted (using some force to overcome the frictionfit between the shank head and the receiver) to a plurality ofpotentially desirable positions with respect to the receiver 1010′,followed by locking of the polyaxial mechanism by mating and rotatingthe multi-start closure top outer structure 1019 with respect to thereceiver 1010′, the structure 1019′ pressing down on the insert 1014′that in turn presses against the shank head 1008 that in turn pressesagainst the receiver 1010′. Thus a variety of different angular orarticulated positions of the shank 1004 with respect to the receiver1010′ are possible, some making full use of the sloped bottom surface1108′ as shown, for example in FIGS. 92 and 106.

With reference to FIG. 67, the rod 1021 is positioned in an open orpercutaneous manner in cooperation with the at least two bone screwassemblies 1001′ (or 1001 or 1). The closure structure 1018, with theinner threaded plug 1020 already threadably mated with the outerstructure 1019 as shown, for example, in FIG. 44, is then inserted intoand advanced between the arms 1066′ of the break-off extensions of eachof the receivers 1010′. The closure structure 1018 is rotated, using atool engaged with the break-off head drive feature 1215 of the outerclosure structure 1019 until a selected pressure is reached at whichpoint the outer structure bottom surface 1206 engages the upper armssurfaces 1195′ of the insert 1014′ and presses the insert 1014′spherical surface 1184′ into locking frictional engagement with theshank head outer surface 1034. As the closure structure 1019 pressesdownwardly on the compression insert further pressing and then lockingthe insert spherical surface 1184′ against the shank spherical surface1034 and the shank spherical surface 1034 against the receiver sphericalsurface 1100′, the outer structure 1019 presses the rod 1021 cylindricalsurface 1022 to a location at or near the insert saddle seat 1179′.Also, at such time the break-off head 1201 twists off of the fastener1019 at the weakened region 1207 and is then removed from the receiverarm extensions 1066′ and out the top of the channel partially defined bythe guide and advancement structure 1072′. After the rod 1021 ismanipulated to a desired location and orientation, the inner plug 1020is then rotated into locking frictional engagement with the rod 1021 byrotating the driving tool (not shown) inserted in the plug inner drivefeature 1240.

With reference to FIG. 67, the break-off extensions 1066′ are thenremoved by pivoting or bending the extensions 1066′ back and forth atthe weakened regions 1068′ and 1079′ formed by the respective outergroove or notch 1071′ and inner recess 1080′. The resulting low-profileimplanted structure is also shown in FIG. 67.

With reference to FIGS. 68-70, an alternative multi-start one piececlosure 1018′ is illustrated for use with the assembly 1001′ in lieu ofthe two piece closure 1018. The alternative closure 1018′ is shownassembled with the assembled shank 1008, receiver 1010′ and cam insert1014′ in FIG. 70, resulting in an alternative bone screw assembly 1001″.The alternative closure 1018′ includes a dual start flange form 1202′,two starts 1203′, a top surface 1205′, a bottom surface 1206′, an innerdrive 1215′ that includes an inner cylindrical surface 1216′ and drivinglobes 1217′ that are substantially similar to the respective dual startflange form 1202, two starts 1203, top surface 1205, bottom surface1206, inner drive 1215 that includes the inner cylindrical surface 1216and driving lobes 1217 previously described herein with respect to thetwo-piece closure 1018. The closure 1018′ further includes an extendedportion defined by a lower substantially cylindrical surface 1248′adjacent and substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface 1206′ anda planar base surface 1250′ perpendicular to the cylindrical surface1248′ and substantially parallel to the surface 1206′. As shown in FIG.70, the cylindrical surface 1248′ and the base 1250′ are sized andshaped such that when the surfaces 1248′ and 1250′ are received betweenthe arms of the insert 1014′, the base or bottom 1250′ frictionallyengages and fixes against the rod 1021, locking the rod in place againstthe insert, the rod in turn pressing the insert 1014′ into lockingengagement with the shank head 1008 at the surface 1034. Thus, theillustrated components are sized so that there is a space between theannular lower surface 1206′ and the insert arm surfaces 1195′ to ensureadequate locking of the rod 1021 between the closure 1018′ and theinsert 1014′. However, in some embodiments, the cylindrical surface1248′ may be sized and shaped such that the surfaces 1248′ and 1250′ arereceived between the arms of the insert 1014′ and the base or bottomsurface 1250′ simultaneously frictionally engages and fixes against therod 1021 when the annular lower surface 1206′ presses the insert 1014′at the arm surfaces 1195′ that in turn presses the insert surface 1084′into locking engagement with the shank head 1008 at the surface 1034.

With reference to FIGS. 71-92, another embodiment of a polyaxial boneanchor is shown that is identified generally as 2001. In addition tocomponents that are similar to the receiver, cam surface insert andtwo-piece dual start closure previously described herein, the assembly2001 includes an upload-able shank that cooperates with an open,resilient retainer that is located within the receiver and allows for asnap-on or pop-on assembly of the shank with the receiver either beforeor after the shank as been implanted in a vertebra, such as the vertebra17.

Specifically, With reference to FIGS. 71 and 90-92, the open implant inthe form of a polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly 2001 includes ashank 2004, that further includes a body 2006 integral with an upwardlyextending partially spherical and partially cylindrical upper portion orhead 2008; a receiver 2010; a resilient open retainer 2012; a cam-topcompression or pressure insert 2014; and a two piece multi-start closurestructure or top 2018 that includes an outer structure 2019 having adouble-start helically wound flange-form and a threaded inner plug 2020.Similar to what has been described above with respect to the assembly1001, the outer structure 2019 mates with the receiver 2010 and pressesdownwardly against the insert 2014 that in turn presses against theshank head 2008 (and also against the retainer 2012 when the shank ispivoted in certain positions) while the inner plug 2020 ultimatelypresses against a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod2021, so as to capture, and fix the longitudinal connecting member 2021within the receiver 2010 and thus fix the member 2021 relative to avertebra, such as the vertebra 17 shown with respect to the assembly 1.The receiver 2010, shank 2004 and retainer 2012 are typically initiallyassembled and then assembled with the insert 1014 prior to implantationof the shank body 1006 into the vertebra 1017. It is foreseen that insome embodiments, another alternative insert may be initially assembledwith the receiver and the retainer and then the shank may be assembledwith the other components either before or after implanting the shankinto a vertebra.

With particular reference to FIGS. 71-74, the shank 2004 is similar tothe shanks 4 and 1004 previously described herein with the exception ofsome of the surfaces of the shank upper portion 2008 that will bedescribed in greater detail below. Thus, the shank 2004 includes lowerand upper thread portions 2024 and 2025, a neck 2026, a tip 2028, ashank body top 2032, a substantially planar shank head top 2036 and adrive 2050 with an upper frusto-conical surface 2048, a drive annularplanar base 2049, a drive cylindrical wall 2052, driving lobes 2053, adrive step 2054 and a cannulation bore 2055 the same or substantiallysimilar in form and function to the respective lower and upper threadportions 1024 and 1025, neck 1026, tip 1028, shank body top 1032, planartop 1036 and drive 1050 with upper frusto-conical surface 1048, driveannular planar base 1049, drive cylindrical wall 1052, driving lobes1053, drive step 1054 and cannulation bore 1055 of the shank 1004previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1001 (that hasthe same or similar features previously described herein with respect tothe shank 4).

However, as compared to the shank head 1004 substantially sphericalsurface 1034 having ridges 1037, the shank head or upper portion 2008includes an upper substantially spherical portion 2034 located near thetop surface 2036 and a separated lower spherical portion 2035, thesurfaces 2034 and 2035 having an identical or substantially similarradius, the illustrated lower portion 2035 having ridges 2037 formedthereon as best shown, for example, in FIG. 72. Extending downwardlyfrom the top spherical surface 2034 is a substantially cylindricalsurface 2038. Extending inwardly from the surface 2038 is asubstantially planar annular lip surface 2040 that runs inwardly to asubstantially cylindrical surface 2042. Located below and adjacent tothe cylindrical surface 2042 is another annular surface or ledge 2044that faces upwardly toward the lip surface 2040 and is parallel thereto.Both the annular surfaces 2040 and 2044 are perpendicular to a centralaxis of the shank 2004, while the cylindrical surface 2042 runs parallelto the central axis. As will be discussed in greater detail below, theupper lip or ledge 2040, cylindrical surface 2042 and lower ledge 2044cooperate to capture and fix the resilient open retainer 2012 to theshank upper portion 2008, prohibiting movement of the retainer 2012along the shank central axis once the retainer 2012 is located betweenthe ledges 2040 and 2044. The cylindrical surface 2038 that extendsupwardly from the ledge 2040 has a radius smaller than the radius of thespherical surface 2034 but larger than the radius of the cylindricalsurface 2042. The spherical surface 2034 radius is configured forsliding cooperation and ultimate frictional mating with a substantiallyspherical concave surface of the compression insert 2014 that has thesame or substantially similar radius as the surface 2034.

With particular reference to FIGS. 71 and 78-81, the receiver 2010 issubstantially similar in form and function to the receiver 1010previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1001 with theexception of some inner geometry for receiving and capturing theresilient open retainer 2012. Thus, the receiver 2010 includes a base2058 and integral arms 2060, a base cavity 2061, arm extensions 2066,inner flange forms 2072 extending along each arm 2060 and arm extension2066, a weakened region, generally 2068 on each arm that includes anouter notch or v-cut 2071 and an inner weakened region, generally 2079that includes an inner recess 2080, extension top surfaces 2070, crimprecesses 2090 and crimping walls 2092 that are the same or substantiallysimilar in form and function the to the respective receiver 1010 base1058, integral arms 1060, base cavity 1061, arm extensions 1066, innerflange forms 1072 extending along each arm 1060 and arm extension 1066,the weakened region 1068 on each arm that includes the outer notch orv-cut 1071 and weakened inner region 1079 that includes the inner recess1080, extension top surfaces 1070, crimp recesses 1090 and crimpingwalls 1092, as well as many other features shown in the receiver 1010and also the receiver 10 previously described herein.

With respect to inner surfaces of the receiver 2010 arms 2060, shown forexample, in FIGS. 78 and 79, an annular run out surface 2074 and innercylindrical surface 2076 and an annular surface or ledge 2078 form arun-out area and receiving area for the insert 2014. The surfaces 2074,2076 and 2078 are similar in form to the respective surfaces 1074, 1076and 1078 of the receiver 1010. With respect to the base cavity 2061, thereceiver 2010 includes a cylindrical surface 2094, a circular sphericedge 2098, an inner spherical surface 2100 and other lower cavityfeatures that are identical or substantially similar to the cylindricalsurface 1094, circular spheric edge 1098, inner spherical surface 1100and other features of the base cavity 1061 previously described hereinwith respect to the assembly 1001. The receiver 2010 further includesplanar bottom surfaces 2102 and 2108 and other features defining a loweropening 2110 that are the same or substantially similar in form andfunction to the respective surfaces 1102 and 1108 and other featuresdefining the lower opening 1110 of the receiver 1010 previouslydescribed herein. However, the receiver 2010 inner cavity 2061 furtherincludes surfaces located between the cylindrical surface 2094 and thespherical surface 2100 that are sized and shaped for receiving andretaining the retainer 2012 and such surfaces include an outwardlyextending substantially annular surface or lip 2095 located adjacent thecylindrical surface 2094 that is also adjacent to a second substantiallyspherical surface 2096. The surface 2096 has a radius that is largerthan the radius of the surface 2100 and is sized and shaped to providean expansion chamber to receive an expanded retainer 2012 and the shankhead 2008 as will be described in greater detail below. A lower annularledge 2097 extends inwardly from the spherical surface 2096 and joinswith the spherical surface 2100 at the circular spheric edge 2098.Furthermore, two opposed recesses 2111 are cut or otherwise formed inthe surface 2096. The recesses 2111 are sized and shaped for receivingtooling to hold the retainer 2012 within the receiver surface 2096during expansion of the retainer 2012 and up or bottom loading of theshank 2004 into the receiver 2010 as will be described in greater detailbelow.

With particular reference to FIGS. 71 and 75-77, the open retainer 2012that operates to capture the shank upper portion 2008 within thereceiver 2010 has a central axis that is operationally the same as thecentral axis associated with the shank 2004 when the shank upper portion2008 and the retainer 2012 are installed within the receiver 2010. Theretainer 2012 is preferably made from a resilient material, such as astainless steel or titanium alloy, so that the retainer 2012 may beexpanded during assembly as will be described in greater detail below.The retainer may also be made from cobalt-chrome. Because there is noneed to compress the retainer 2012 during assembly, the opening or slitthat allows for expansion of the retainer 2012 may be designed to benarrow, advantageously providing substantial surface contact between theretainer 2012 and the shank upper portion 2008 and also between theretainer 2012 and the receiver seating surface 2100. The retainer 2012has a central channel or hollow through bore, generally 2121, thatpasses entirely through the structure 2012 from a top surface 2122 to abottom surface 2124 thereof. The bore 2121 is primarily defined by adiscontinuous inner cylindrical surface 2125 that runs from the topsurface 2122 to the bottom surface 2124. In some embodiments of theinvention, notches or grooves may be formed in the inner, outer, topand/or bottom surfaces of the retainer 2012 to more evenly distributestress across the entire retainer during expansion thereof. The retainer2012 further includes an outer substantially spherical surface 2127running between the top surface 2122 and the bottom surface 2124, thesurface 2127 having the same or similar radius as the receiver seatingsurface 2100 and the shank upper spherical surface 2034 and lowerspherical surface 2035. In the illustrated embodiment, a helically woundgroove 2128 extends over the entire surface 2127. It is foreseen that inother embodiments, part or all of the surface 2127 may have a groove orgrooves, ridges or other surface treatment or may be smooth. Theretainer 2012 further includes first and second end surfaces, 2130 and2131 disposed in spaced relation to one another when the retainer is ina neutral state. Both end surfaces 2130 and 2130 are disposedsubstantially perpendicular to the top surface 2122 and the bottomsurface 2124. The embodiment shown in FIGS. 75-77 illustrates thesurfaces 2130 and 2131 as substantially parallel and vertical, however,it is foreseen that it may be desirable to orient the surfaces obliquelyor at a slight angle with respect to the top and bottom surfaces.

With reference to FIGS. 71 and 90-92, the insert 2014 is identical orsubstantially similar in form and function to the insert 1014′previously described herein and shown in FIGS. 55-67. Thus, the insert2014 includes an insert body 2156, an outer substantially cylindricalsurface 2157, opposed upstanding arms 2160 each with a crimp aperture2162 having a substantially conical wall 2164, arm tops 2166, each witha ramped surface 2167, a bottom annular planar rim surface 2168terminating at a frusto-conical chamfer 2170, a through bore generally2175, a saddle 2178 a lower saddle seat 2179, an inner cylindricalsurface 2182, a lower curved or radiused surface portion 2184, a pair ofwings 2188 extending outwardly from the insert arms, each wing having anouter cylindrical surface 2190, a bottom surface 2192, front and backsurfaces 2194 and a top inwardly sloping surface 2195 located adjacentthe saddle surface 2178 that are the same or substantially similar inform and function to the respective body 1156′, outer substantiallycylindrical surface 1157′, opposed upstanding arms 1160′ each with crimpapertures 1162′ having substantially conical walls 1164′, arm topsurfaces 1166′ with ramped surface portions 1167′, the bottom annularplanar rim surface 1168′ terminating at the frusto-conical chamfer1170′, the through bore 1175′, saddle 1178′, lower saddle seat 1179′,inner cylindrical surface 1182′, lower curved or radiused surfaceportion 1184′, outwardly extending wings 1188′, each wing having theouter cylindrical surface 1190′, bottom surface 1192′, front and backsurfaces 1194′, and the top inwardly sloping surface 1195′ locatedadjacent the saddle surface 1178′ of the insert 1014′ previouslydescribed herein (most of the components of which were also previouslydescribed herein with respect to the insert 14).

With reference to FIGS. 71 and 90-92, the closure 2018 having the outerstructure 2019 and the inner set screw 2020 is identical orsubstantially similar to the closure 1018 previously described herein.The illustrations show the closure 2018 after the break-off head hasbeen removed. As the closure 1018 has been fully described above, theclosure 2018 will not be further described herein with the exception ofidentifying some of the features that are the same or substantiallysimilar to the closure 1018 features to facilitate further descriptionof the assembly and operation of the bone screw 2001. Thus, the closure2018 includes an outer structure dual start flange form 2202, an outerstructure top surface 2205 (not shown), an outer structure bottomsurface 2206, an outer structure inner v-thread 2210, an outer structuremulti-lobular drive 2215 (not shown), an inner set screw top 2226, a setscrew bottom 2227, a set screw v-thread 2232 and a set screwmulti-lobular drive feature 2240, such features being the same orsubstantially similar in form and function to the respective outerstructure dual start flange form 1202, outer structure top surface 1205,outer structure bottom surface 1206, outer structure inner v-thread1210, outer structure multi-lobular drive 1215, inner set screw top1226, set screw bottom 1227, set screw v-thread 1232 and set screw drivefeature 1240 of the closure 1018 previously described herein.

With reference to FIGS. 82-92, the bone screw assembly 2001 may beassembled as follows: With particular reference to FIG. 82, first theretainer 2012 is inserted into the upper receiver opening, leading withthe bottom surface 2124, the retainer outer surface 2127 facing theopposing arm extensions 2066. The retainer 2012 is then lowered into thereceiver 2010 as shown in phantom in FIG. 82 until the surface 2127seats on the receiver surface 2100. The retainer 2012 may need to becompressed slightly with the surfaces 2130 and 2131 being moved towardone another as the retainer passes by the receiver ledge 2097 having theinner spheric edge 2098.

With reference to FIG. 83, at this time a blocking tool (not shown) isinserted into the receiver 2010 from the top opening thereof and is slidalong the opposed apertures 2111 until a bottom surfaces of the toolengage the top surface 2122 of the retainer 2012. As the shank head topsurface 2036 is moved into the receiver at the lower opening 2110thereof and into the retainer central bore 2121, the tool (not shown)keeps the retainer top surface 2122 at a location illustrated in FIG.84, the retainer top surface 2122 being slightly beneath the receiversurface 2095 placing the retainer 2012 within the receiver expansionchamber defined by the surface 2096. With further reference to FIG. 84and also with reference to FIG. 85, as the shank upper portion surface2034 moves upwardly and abuts against the retainer inner surface 2125,the shank upper portion 2008 pushes the retainer outwardly until theretainer outer surface 2127 reaches to or near the receiver sphericalsurface 2096 and the retainer top surface 2122 abuts against thereceiver surface 2095. Thereafter, as best shown in FIGS. 86 and 87, theresilient retainer 2012 stays expanded as the shank surface 2038 slidesalong the retainer inner cylindrical surface 2125 and the retainercontracts to a neutral or near neutral position after the retainer innercylindrical surface 2125 fully aligns with the shank upper portioncylindrical surface 2040. With further reference to FIG. 87, now theretainer 2012 is affixed to the shank upper portion 2008 with theretainer top surface 2122 located below the shank annular surface 2040and the retainer bottom surface 2124 located above the shank annularsurface 2044 and with the retainer inner cylindrical surface 2125engaging the shank cylindrical surface 2042. The now fully assembledshank and retainer combination is shown in FIGS. 87 and 88 and it can beseen that the retainer outer surface 2127 has the same radius as theshank surfaces 2034 and 2035. Thereafter the shank and affixed retainerare pulled downwardly into friction fit engagement with the receiversurface 2100 as described previously herein with respect to the singlepiece shank head 8 and the receiver 10, the shank 2004 and attachedretainer 2012 being pivotable with respect to the receiver 2010 whensome force is used to slide the retainer surface 2127 with groove 2128as well as the shank surface 2035 with groove 2037 along the receiversurface 2100.

With reference to FIG. 89, the cam-top insert 2014 is then loaded androtated into an operational position in a manner described previouslywith respect to the cam-top insert 1014′ and the receiver 1010′ andshown in FIGS. 63-66. With reference to FIG. 90, eventually the rod 2021or other longitudinal connecting member and the closure 2018 arepositioned and tightened in a manner identical to that describedpreviously herein with respect to the rod 1021 and the closure 1018 andshown in FIG. 67. As shown in FIG. 90, the closure outer structure 2019bottom surface 2206 engages the insert 2014 arm top surfaces 2195,pressing the insert downwardly into locking engagement with the shankupper portion surface 2034, the retainer surface 2127 and the shanksurface 2035 being placed in locked frictional engagement with thereceiver inner spherical surface 2100. As shown in FIGS. 91 and 92, ifthe shank 2004 has been pivoted with respect to the receiver 2010 priorto locking, portions of the retainer surface 2127 may also be in fixedfrictional engagement with the insert lower spherical surface 2184. FIG.91 illustrates a fifty degree medial angulation of the shank 2004 withrespect to the receiver 2010 made possible by the receiver geometry thatincludes the bottom angled surface 2108. FIG. 92 illustrates a tendegree lateral angulation of the shank 2004 with respect to the receiver2010. Also with respect to FIGS. 90-92, the rod is eventually fixedagainst the insert 2014 by direct pressure from the closure set screw2020, the set screw bottom surface 2227 in frictional engagement withthe rod cylindrical surface 2022. The inner set screw 2020 is rotatedand moved downwardly into engagement with the rod 2021 in the mannerdescribed previously with respect to the closure set screw 1020 and therod 1021 and shown in FIG. 67.

With reference to FIGS. 93-99, another embodiment of a polyaxial boneanchor is shown that is identified generally as 3001. In addition tocomponents that are similar to the receiver and insert of the bone screwassembly 1 and two-piece dual start closure previously described hereinwith respect to the bone screw assembly 1001 (and 2001), the assembly3001 includes an upload-able shank that cooperates with a closed,threaded retainer that is located within the receiver and allows foruploading the shank into the receiver.

Specifically, with reference to FIGS. 93 and 99, the open implant in theform of the polyaxial bone screw apparatus or assembly 3001 includes ashank 3004, that further includes a body 3006 integral with an upwardlyextending partially spherical and partially threaded upper portion orhead 3008; a receiver 3010; a closed retainer or ring 3012; acompression or pressure insert 3014; and a two piece multi-start closurestructure or top 3018 that includes an outer structure 3019 having adouble-start helically wound flange-form and a threaded inner plug 3020.Similar to what has been described above with respect to the assembly1001, the outer structure 3019 mates with the receiver 3010 and pressesdownwardly against the insert 3014 that in turn presses against theshank head 3008 (and also against the retainer 3012 when the shank ispivoted in certain positions) while the inner plug 3020 ultimatelypresses against a longitudinal connecting member, for example, a rod3021, so as to capture, and fix the longitudinal connecting member 3021within the receiver 3010 and thus fix the member 3021 relative to avertebra, such as the vertebra 17 shown with respect to the assembly 1.The receiver 3010, shank 3004 and retainer 3012 are typically initiallyassembled and then assembled with the insert 3014 prior to implantationof the shank body 3006 into the vertebra, such as the vertebra 17. It isforeseen that in some embodiments, the insert 3014 may be initiallyassembled with the receiver 3010 and the retainer 3012 and then theshank 3004 may be assembled with the retainer 3012 that is already inthe receiver 3010 either before or after implanting the shank body 3006into a vertebra.

With particular reference to FIGS. 93-94, the shank 3004 is similar tothe shanks 4 and 1004 previously described herein with the exception ofsome of the surfaces of the shank upper portion 3008 that will bedescribed in greater detail below. Thus, the shank body 3006 includeslower and upper thread portions 3024 and 3025, a neck 3026, a tip 3028,a shank body top 3032, a substantially planar shank head top 3036, amulti-lobular drive 3050 and a cannulation bore 3055 the same orsubstantially similar in form and function to the respective lower andupper thread portions 24 and 25, neck 26, tip 28, shank body top 32,planar top 36, drive 50 and cannulation bore 55 of the shank 4previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1.

However, as compared to the shank head 4 substantially spherical surface34 having ridges 37 and 38, the shank head or upper portion 3008includes only a lower spherical surface portion 3035 adjacent the neck3026, the lower portion 3035 having ridges 3037 formed thereon as bestshown, for example, in FIG. 94. Extending downwardly from the topsurface 3036 is a substantially cylindrical surface 3038. Extendingdownwardly from the surface 3038 is a helically wound v-thread 3040 thatterminates near a lower annular surface or ledge 3044 that facesupwardly and is substantially perpendicular to a central axis of theshank 3004. As will be discussed in greater detail below, the shankupper portion thread 3040 cooperates and mates under rotation with aninner threaded portion of the retainer 3012 to fix the retainer 3012 tothe shank 3004.

With particular reference to FIGS. 71 and 78-81, the receiver 3010 issubstantially similar in form and function to the receiver 10 previouslydescribed herein with respect to the assembly 1. Thus, the receiver 3010includes a receiver base 3058, a pair of opposed arms 3060, a cavity3061 formed in the base 3058, a pair of opposed break-off extensions3066 having weakened regions 3068, extension top surfaces 3070, a guideand advancement structure 3072 for cooperating with a dual start flangeform of the closure 3018, an annular run-out surface 3074, an innercylindrical surface 3076, an annular surface 3078 at a bottom of the runout, a pair of crimp recesses 3090 and corresponding crimping walls3092, a cylindrical surface 3094 partially defining the arms andpartially defining the receiver cavity, an edge 3098 partially defininga spherical surface 3100 of the receiver cavity, a bottom surface 3102substantially perpendicular to a central axis of the receiver 3010, abottom angled surface 3108 and a lower opening 3110 that are identicalor substantially similar in form and function to the respective receiverbase 58, pair of opposed arms 60, cavity 61 formed in the base 58, pairof opposed break-off extensions 66 having weakened regions 68, extensiontop surfaces 70, the guide and advancement structure 72 for cooperatingwith the dual start flange form of the closure 18, the annular run-outsurface 74, inner cylindrical surface 76, annular surface 78 at thebottom of the run out, the pair of crimp recesses 90 and correspondingcrimping walls 92, the cylindrical surface 94 partially defining thearms and partially defining the receiver cavity, the edge 98 partiallydefining a spherical surface 100 forming the receiver cavity, the bottomsurface 102 substantially perpendicular to the central axis of thereceiver 10, the bottom angled surface 108 and the lower opening 110 ofthe receiver 10 previously described herein. Also, other numberedfeatures of the receiver 10 not mentioned here have an identical orsubstantially similar counterpart in the receiver 3010.

With particular reference to FIGS. 93 and 96, the closed retainer 3012or ring that operates to capture the shank upper portion 3008 within thereceiver 3010 has a central axis that is operationally the same as thecentral axis associated with the shank 3004 when the shank upper portion3008 and the retainer 3012 are attached to one another within thereceiver 3010. The retainer 3012 has a central channel or hollow throughbore, generally 3121, that passes entirely through the structure 3012from a top surface 3122 to a bottom surface 3124 thereof. The bore 3121is primarily defined by an upper inner cylindrical surface 3125 thatruns from the top surface 3122 to an inner threaded surface 3126. Theillustrated surface 3126 is a single v-thread sized and shaped formating engagement under rotation with the v-thread 3040 on the shankupper portion 3008. In some embodiments of the invention other helicallywound thread or thread-like or non-threadlike guide and advancementstructures may be used in lieu of the v-thread 3126 and the matingthread 3040. The retainer 3012 further includes an outer substantiallyspherical surface 3127 running between the top surface 3122 and thebottom surface 3124, the surface 3127 having the same or similar radiusas the receiver seating surface 3100 and the shank lower sphericalsurface 3035. In the illustrated embodiment, the surface 3127 is smooth,but it is foreseen that the surface may include grooves or other surfacefeatures sized and shaped for frictional gripping with the receiverinner spherical surface 3100 and the insert 3014.

With reference to FIGS. 93, 98 and 99, the insert 3014 is illustratedthat is identical or substantially similar in form and function to theinsert 14 previously described herein with respect to the assembly 1 andis shown in greater detail in FIGS. 11-15. Thus, the insert 3014includes an insert body 3156, an outer substantially cylindrical surface3157, opposed upstanding arms 3160 each with a crimp aperture 3162, armtops 3166, a bottom annular planar rim surface 3168, a through boregenerally 3175, a saddle 3178 a lower saddle seat 3179, an innercylindrical surface 3182 and a lower curved or radiused surface portion3184 that are the same or substantially similar to the respective body156, outer substantially cylindrical surface 157, opposed upstandingarms 160 each with crimp apertures 162, arm top surfaces 166, the bottomannular planar rim surface 168, the through bore 175, saddle 178, lowersaddle seat 179, inner cylindrical surface 182 and lower curved orradiused surface portion 184 of the insert 14 previously describedherein.

With reference to FIGS. 93 and 99, the closure 3018 having the outerstructure 3019 and the inner set screw 3020 is identical orsubstantially similar to the closure 1018 previously described herein.The illustrations show the closure 3018 after the break-off head hasbeen removed. As the closure 1018 has been fully described above, theclosure 3018 will not be further described herein with the exception ofidentifying some of the features that are the same or substantiallysimilar to the closure 1018 features to facilitate further descriptionof the assembly and operation of the bone screw 3001. Thus, the closure3018 includes an outer structure dual start flange form 3202, an outerstructure top surface 3205 (not shown), an outer structure bottomsurface 3206, an outer structure inner v-thread 3210, an outer structuremulti-lobular drive 3215 (not shown), an inner set screw top 3226, a setscrew bottom 3227, a set screw v-thread 3232 and a set screwmulti-lobular drive feature 3240, such features being the same orsubstantially similar to the respective outer structure dual startflange form 1202, outer structure top surface 1205, outer structurebottom surface 1206, outer structure inner v-thread 1210, outerstructure multi-lobular drive 1215, inner set screw top 1226, set screwbottom 1227, set screw v-thread 1232 and set screw drive feature 1240 ofthe closure 1018 previously described herein.

With reference to FIGS. 97-99, the bone screw assembly 3001 may beassembled as follows: With particular reference to FIG. 97, first theretainer 3012 is inserted into the upper receiver opening, leading withthe bottom surface 3124, the retainer outer surface 3127 facing theopposing arm extensions 3066. The retainer 3012 is then lowered into thereceiver 3010 as shown in phantom in FIG. 97 until the surface 3127seats on the receiver surface 3100. Because the retainer surface 3127outer radius is substantially the same of the receiver surface 3100radius, force is required to press the retainer surface 3127 past thespheric edge 3098 of the receiver. Thereafter, the retainer 3012 iscaptured beneath the edge 3098 and the surface 3127 is in a tight orfriction fit engagement with the receiver surface 3100, pivotable withrespect to the receiver when some force is applied to move the retainerwith respect to the receiver.

With reference to FIGS. 97 and 98, the shank 3004 is moved upwardly intothe receiver lower opening 3110 and the shank head top surface 3036 ismoved into the retainer central bore 3121. There after, the shank isrotated, mating the shank helical thread 3040 with the retainercooperating thread form 3126 until the shank cylindrical surface 3038 isaligned with the retainer cylindrical surface 3125. With reference toFIG. 98, the shank 3004 and the retainer 3012 are now fully attachedwithin the receiver 3010, with the retainer bottom surface 3124 abuttingagainst the shank annular ledge surface 3044. During the mating of theretainer 3012 with the shank head 3008, the retainer is held firmly inplace within the receiver cavity formed by the surface 3100 with thespheric edge 3098 prohibiting upward movement of the retainer 3012 outof the receiver 3010. It can be seen that the retainer outer surface3127 has the same radius as the shank surface 3035 and that when theshank and attached retainer are pivoted both surfaces 3127 and 3035 arein a friction fit engagement with the receiver surface 3100 as describedpreviously herein with respect to the single piece shank head 8 and thereceiver 10, the shank 3004 and retainer 3012 being pivotable withrespect to the receiver 3010 when some force is used to slide theretainer surface 3127 as well as the shank surface 3035 along thereceiver surface 3100.

With further reference to FIG. 98, the insert 3014 is then loaded andpositioned in a manner described previously with respect to the insert14 and the receiver 10 and shown in FIGS. 25 and 26. At this time, theshank 3004 and attached retainer 3012 may be pivoted in a non-floppymanner to a variety angular positions with respect to the receiver,similar to that shown in FIGS. 91 and 92, for example.

With reference to FIG. 99, eventually the rod 3021 or other longitudinalconnecting member and the closure 3018 are positioned and tightened in amanner identical to that described previously herein with respect to therod 1021 and closure 1018 and with respect to FIG. 67. As shown in FIG.99, the closure outer structure 3019 bottom surface 3206 engages theinsert 3014 arm top surfaces 3166, pressing the insert downwardly intolocking engagement with the retainer spherical outer surface 3127, theretainer surface 3127 and the shank surface 3035 being placed in lockedfrictional engagement with the receiver inner spherical surface 3100.Also with respect to FIG. 99, the rod is eventually fixed against theinsert 3014 by direct pressure from the closure set screw 3020, the setscrew bottom surface 3227 in frictional engagement with the rodcylindrical surface 3022. The inner set screw 3020 is rotated and moveddownwardly into engagement with the rod 3021 in the same manner asdescribed previously with respect to the closure set screw 1020 and therod 1021 and with reference to FIG. 67.

With reference to FIG. 100, three alternative bone screw shanks areillustrated. The shanks are identical with the exception of the amount,if any of surface treatment in the form of grooves that are formed onthe shank heads. For example, a shank 4004 is illustrated that isidentical in form and function to the shank 4 previously describedherein and shown in detail in FIGS. 2-4 with the exception of the groovecoverage. Thus, the shank 4004 may be used in the assembly 1 in lieu ofthe shank 4. As the shank 4 has been fully described above, the shank4004 will not be further described herein with the exception ofidentifying some of the features that are the same or substantiallysimilar to the shank 4 features to facilitate further description of theassembly and operation of the shank in a bone screw 4001 shown in FIGS.101-110. Thus, the shank 4004 includes a shank body 4006, an upperportion or head 4008, a head spherical surface 4034, a planar topsurface 4036, upper ridges 4037, lower ridges 4038 and a smooth isthmusor strip 4040 between the ridges as well as a multi-lobular drive 4050that are the same or substantially similar in form and function to therespective shank body 6, upper portion or head 8, head spherical surface34, planar top surface 36, upper ridges 37, lower ridges 38, isthmus 40and multi-lobular drive 50 previously described herein with respect tothe shank 4 as well as other features described and shown with respectto the shank 4. The smooth isthmus 4040 of the shank 4004 is more narrowthan the smooth isthmus 40 of the shank 4.

Also with reference to FIG. 100, an alternative bone screw shank 4004′is identical to the bone screw shank 4004 with the exception that anentire spherical surface 4034′ is covered with grooves 4037′. Analternative bone screw shank 4004″ is identical to the bone screw shank4004 with the exception that an entire spherical surface 4034″ issmooth.

With further reference to FIG. 100 and also with reference to FIGS.101-104 and 109-110, the alternative bone screw assembly 4001 of anembodiment of the invention is shown that includes the shank 4004, areceiver 4010, and an insert 4014. With the exception of certaindimensions, the receiver 4010 is substantially similar to the receiver10 previously described herein and shown in detail in FIGS. 5-7. Thereceiver 4010 differs from the receiver 10 in that the receiver 4010 hasa slightly larger open channel and inner cavity than the receiver 10allowing for a slightly lower profile of the shank 4004 within thereceiver 4010 and slightly larger, stronger insert 4014 and closure 4018than the insert 14 and closure 18 previously described herein. However,it is noted that the closure 4018 may be sized and shaped to cooperatewith the assemblies 1, 1001, 2001 and 3001 previously described herein.

With particular reference to FIGS. 101-104, the receiver 4010 issubstantially similar in form and function to the receiver 10 previouslydescribed herein. Thus, the receiver 4010 includes a base 4058 forming acavity 4061, opposed arms 4060 forming a U-shaped channel 4062, a pairof opposed break-off extensions 4066, a helically wound guide andadvancement structure 4072 on the on the extensions and the arms, acylindrical inner surface 4092 starting at inner surfaces of the armsand partially defining the cavity, a ledge 4096, a spheric edge 4098partially defining a spherical surface 4100, outer bottom surfaces 4102and 4108, a lower opening 4110, as well as other receiver features thatare the same as or substantially similar in form and function to therespective base 58 forming the cavity 61, opposed arms 60 forming theU-shaped channel 62, pair of opposed break-off extensions 66, helicallywound guide and advancement structure 72 on the on the extensions andthe arms, cylindrical inner surface 92 starting at inner surfaces of thearms and partially defining the cavity, the ledge 96, the spheric edge98 partially defining the spherical surface 100, outer bottom surfaces102 and 108, and lower opening 110 of the receiver 10 previouslydisclosed herein. It is noted that the guide and advancement structure4072 is a flange form, similar to the structure 72 previously describedherein. However, as the closure 4018 is a single start closure, thecooperating structure 4072 is oriented and shaped to provide a singlediscontinuous helical flange for mating engagement with the closureflange form.

With particular reference to FIGS. 101 and 102, as indicated above, thereceiver 4010 is sized and shaped for receiving a slightly larger insert4014 and closure 4018 than the receiver 10. However, the receiver 4010is sized and shaped to receive and frictionally engage the shank 4004that is the same size as the shank 4. Therefore, the cylindrical surface4094 has a diameter greater than a diameter of the surface 94 of thereceiver 10, but the receiver 4010 radiused or spherical surface 4100has a radius that is the same as the radius of the spherical surface100. Therefore, the receiver 4010 circular spheric edge 4098 has a edgediameter S′ that is the same size as the spheric edge diameter Spreviously shown and discussed with respect to the receiver 10. Inaddition to having a larger diameter cylindrical surface 4094, thereceiver 4010 also has a distance L′ measured from the spheric edge 4098to the bottom surface 4102 in a direction parallel to a central axis ofthe receiver 4010 that is shorter than a distance L of the receiver 10also measured from the spheric edge 98 to the receiver bottom surface102 in a direction parallel to the central axis of the receiver 10 (seeFIG. 23). Thus, once assembled with the receiver 4010 and in frictionalbut movable engagement with the spherical seating surface 4100 (in anon-floppy manner), the shank head 4008 is seated relatively lowerwithin the receiver 4010 than the shank head 8 in the receiver 10. Anadvantage of the resulting lower profile of the bone screw assembly 4001is an increased angle of articulation of the shank 4004 in a directionopposite the sloping surface 4108 (i.e. towards the surface 4102) asshown, for example, in FIG. 109 that illustrates the shank 4004 disposedat a twenty-five degree angle with respect to the receiver 2010.

With reference to FIGS. 103 and 104, as stated above, the insert 4014 isalmost identical to the insert 14 previously described herein with theexception that it has an outer dimension that is larger than the insert14, thus the insert 4014 base and arms are thicker and thus strongerthan the same counterparts of the insert 14. Thus, the insert 4014includes an insert body 4156, upwardly extending opposed arms 4160, armtops 4166, a bottom rim 4168, a through bore 4175, a saddle 4178, alower saddle seat 4179, an inner cylindrical surface 4182 and a lowerradiused or spherical surface 4184 that are the same in form andfunction as the respective insert body 56, upwardly extending opposedarms 60, arm tops 66, bottom rim 68, through bore 75, saddle 78, lowersaddle seat 79, inner cylindrical surface 82 and lower radiused orspherical surface 84 of the insert 14 previously discussed herein withrespect to the assembly 1. An outer diameter of the body 4156 and arms4160 is sized to be closely received by the receiver arms andcylindrical surface 4094 and thus such outer diameter is greater than anouter diameter of the body 56 and arms 60 of the insert 14 of theassembly 1.

The rod 4021 having an outer cylindrical surface 4022 is identical tothe rod 21 previously described herein. As with other bone anchorembodiments described herein, other types of longitudinal connectingmembers may be used with the assembly 4001 including, but not limited toother rods or bars of different shapes and hardness as well aslongitudinal connecting members that are known in soft or dynamicstabilization techniques and apparatus.

With particular reference to FIGS. 104 to 108, the two-piece closure4018 is somewhat similar to the closure 18 previously described hereinas the closure 2018 includes an outer piece or portion 2019 and an innerpiece or set screw 2020 similar in form and function to the respectiveouter structure 19 and inner structure 20 of the closure 18. However, asalready mentioned, the closure structure 4019 has a single start flangeform. Also, the closures differ somewhat with respect to drivingstructures. Thus, the closure 4018 will be described in greater detailbelow:

With particular reference to FIGS. 105-108, the illustrated outerfastener structure 4019 includes a through-bore 4204 extending along acentral axis thereof and running completely through the fastenerstructure 4019 from a top surface 4205 to a bottom surface 4206. Thebottom surface 4206 is substantially planar and annular and configuredfor being received between the receiver arms 4060 and for exclusivelyabutting against the substantially planar top surfaces 4166 of theinsert arms 4160, the insert 4014 arms 4160 being configured to extendabove the rod 4021 such that the closure surface 4206 is always spacedfrom the rod 4021 or other longitudinal connecting member portionreceived by the insert arms 4160 and located within the receiver 4010.

The closure or fastener structure 4019 is substantially cylindrical andhas a helically sloping single flange form 4202 projecting substantiallyradially outwardly. The closure structure 4018 helically wound flangeform 4202 thus has a single start 4203 best shown in FIG. 106. The shapeof the flange form 4202 is the same or substantially similar to theshape of the form 202 previously described with respect to the closurestructure 19. As the structure 4019 is rotated between the break-offextension arms of the receiver 4010, the helically wound structure 4202advances the closure 4019 axially downwardly between the break-offextensions 4066 and then the arms 4060 and then presses the closurebottom surface 4206 firmly down upon the insert 4014 arm top surfaces4166.

At the closure structure base or bottom surface 4206 and running to nearthe top surface 4205, the bore 4204 is substantially defined by a guideand advancement structure shown in the drawing figures as an internalV-shaped thread 4210. The thread 4210 is sized and shaped to receive thethreaded set screw 4020 therein as will be discussed in more detailbelow. Although a traditional V-shaped thread 4210 is shown, it isforeseen that other types of helical guide and advancement structuresmay be used. Adjacent the closure top surface 4205, the bore 4204 isdefined by a discontinuous cylindrical surface 4212 that runs from thetop surface 4205 to a lower ledge or over-hang surface or surfaces 4213.In the illustrated embodiment the over-hang 4213 is a stepped surfacethat spans between the cylindrical surface 4212 and the v-thread 4210.The over hang surfaces 4213 act as a stop or abutment for the inner setscrew 4020, preventing the screw 4020 from rotating upwardly and out ofthe structure 4019 at the top surface 4205.

With particular reference to FIGS. 105 and 107, formed in the topsurface 4205 of the fastener 4019 is a tri-slotted internal drive 4215made up of three evenly spaced radially outwardly extending slots 4216.Each of the slots 4216 extends outwardly from the cylindrical surface4212 and runs to near the flange form 4202.

The up-loadable set screw 4020 has a substantially annular and planartop 4226 and a substantially annular planar bottom 4227 with a throughbore, generally 4228, running through both the top and bottom thereof.The screw 4020 is substantially cylindrical in shape and coaxial withthe outer fastener 4019. The screw 4020 includes an upper outercylindrical surface 4230 adjacent a v-thread surface portion 4232 thatruns substantially to the base or bottom surface 4227. The v-thread 4232is sized and shaped to be received by and mated with the inner thread4210 of the fastener 4019 in a nested, coaxial relationship. The bottomsurface 4227 is sized and shaped to clear the insert 4014 arms 4160 andexclusively press upon the rod 4021 as shown, for example, in FIG. 104.

As illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 105-108, the set screw 4020includes an internal drive feature 4240 that defines the through bore4228 from near the top surface 4226 to near the bottom surface 4227 andis sized and shaped for a positive, non-slip engagement by a set screwinstallment and removal tool (not shown) that is inserted into the bore4228. The drive feature 4240 is a poly drive, specifically, having ahexa-lobular geometry formed by a substantially cylindrical wall 4242communicating with equally spaced radially outwardly extending (from theclosure central axis) rounded cut-outs or lobes 4244. Although thehexa-lobular drive feature 4240 is preferred for torque sensitiveapplications as the lobes are able to receive increased torque transferas compared to other drive systems, it is noted that other drive systemsmay be used, for example, a simple hex drive, star-shaped drive or otherinternal drives such as slotted, tri-wing, spanner, two or moreapertures of various shapes, and the like. With reference to FIGS. 104,107 and 108, the central set screw drive 4240 cooperates with thecentral internal bore 4204 of the fastener 4019 for accessing anduploading the set screw 4020 into the fastener 4019 prior to engagementwith the bone screw receiver 4010. After the closure structure 4019 isinserted and rotated into the flange form 4072 of the bone screwreceiver 4010, the set screw 4020 is rotated by a tool engaging thedrive feature 4240 to place the set screw bottom 4227 into frictionalengagement with the rod 4021 or other longitudinal connecting membersuch as shown in FIGS. 104, 109 and 110. Such frictional engagement istherefore readily controllable by a surgeon so that the rod 4021 may bereadily be loosened and manipulated until late in the surgery, ifdesired. Thus, at any desired time, the set screw 4020 may be rotated todrive the screw 4020 into fixed frictional engagement with the rod 4021without varying the angular relationship between the receiver 4010 andthe bone screw shank 4004. The drive 4215 of the outer structure 4019and the drive 4240 of the set screw 4020 are sized and shaped such thatboth drives can be accessed and driven individually by different drivetools at any time during the surgical procedure and also during anysubsequent manipulation or removal of the rod or subsequent adjustmentof an angle of inclination of the shank with respect to the receiver.

The receiver 4010, the shank 4004 and the compression insert 4014 aretypically assembled in a manner identical to what has been describedherein with respect to the receiver 10, shank 4 and compression insert14. Thereafter, as previously described herein with respect to the bonescrew assembly 1, the screw assembly 4001 made up of the shank 4004,receiver 4010 and insert 4014 is screwed into a bone, such as thevertebra 17, also as previously described with respect to the assembly1. A variety of different angular or articulated positions of the shank4004 with respect to the receiver 4010 are possible, some making fulluse of the sloped bottom surface 4108 as shown, for example in FIGS. 109and 110. As shown in FIG. 104, after insertion of the rod 4021 andtwo-piece closure 2018, the break-off tabs 4066 are removed, details ofwhich are also described with respect to the assembly 1.

With reference to FIGS. 111-125 an alternative embodiment of atwo-piece, single start closure, generally 5018 according to theinvention is shown with an open implant in the form of a polyaxial bonescrew apparatus or assembly, generally 5001 (see, e.g., FIGS. 122, 123)that includes a shank 5004, that further includes a threaded body 5006integral with an upwardly extending substantially spherical upperportion or head 5008; a receiver 5010 having a cavity or inner chamberfor receiving the shank head 5008 communicating with an upper channelformed between opposed arms 5011 having top surfaces 5012, the receivercavity further defined by a spherical seating surface 5013; and acompression or pressure insert 5014 having a lower curved or partiallyspherical surface 5015 engaging the shank head 5008 within the receivercavity, the illustrated insert 5014 also defining an inner channelbetween opposed upright arms 5016, each having a top surface 5017.

The illustrated closure 5018 includes two pieces: an outer substantiallycylindrical plug or fastener 5019 having an outer guide and advancementstructure in the form of a single-start helically wound flange form andan inner v-thread sized and shaped for cooperation with a coaxialthreaded inner plug or set screw 5020, the helically wound forms of bothof the structures 5018 and 5019 having an axis of rotation A. Theclosure top 5018 is illustrated alone in FIGS. 111-116.

The outer structure 5019 of the closure top 5018 mates under rotationwith the receiver 5010 having a central axis with the axis A beingaligned with the receiver central axis, the structure 5019 pressingdownwardly against the insert 5014 arm top surfaces 5017, the insertsurface 5015 in turn pressing downwardly against the shank head 5008that in turn frictionally engages the receiver 5010, locking thepolyaxial mechanism of the bone anchor 5001, (i.e., fixing the shank5004 at a particular desired angle with respect to the receiver 5010). Alongitudinal connecting member such as a rod 5021 is captured within thereceiver 5010 by the outer fastener 5019 but not fixed thereby and thusmay be moved by sliding or rotation with respect to the receiver 5010,even when the outer fastener 5019 is pressed against the insert 5014,locking the polyaxial mechanism and thus allowing the screw 5001 tofunction as a mono-axial screw. The closure inner plug 5020 ultimatelyfrictionally engages and presses against the rod 5021 so as tofrictionally engage and fix the longitudinal connecting member 5021against the insert 5014 and thus fix the member 5021 relative to avertebra 5023.

The illustrated rod 5021 is hard, stiff, non-elastic and cylindrical,having an outer cylindrical surface 5022. However, a longitudinalconnecting member for use with the assembly 5001 may take the form of anelastic or deformable rod or have a different cross-sectional geometry.The longitudinal connecting member may also be a part of a soft ordynamic system that may include hard or soft structure for attaching tothe assembly 5001 and may further include a tensioned cord, elasticbumpers and spacers located between bone screws, for example. In theillustrated embodiment, the receiver 5010 and the shank 5004 cooperatein such a manner that the receiver 5010 and the shank 5004 can besecured at any of a plurality of angles, articulations or rotationalalignments relative to one another and within a selected range of anglesboth from side to side and from front to rear, to enable flexible orarticulated engagement of the receiver 5010 with the shank 5004 untilboth are locked or fixed relative to each other near the end of animplantation procedure.

Returning to FIGS. 111-116, the single-start closure outer fastener 5019outer guide and advancement structure has a single helically wound form5052 illustrated as a flange form that operably joins with a matingflange form structure 5053 disposed on the arms 5011 of the receiver5010 to result in an interlocking guide and advancement structure orarrangement. Although a particular flange form structure andrelationship is shown herein, it is noted that flange forms may be of avariety of geometries, including, for example, those described inApplicant's U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/101,859 filed Apr. 8,2005 (US Pub. No. 2005/0182410 published Aug. 18, 2005), which isincorporated by reference herein. The form 5052 includes a start surfaceor structure X as shown in FIG. 115, for example. The flanges 5052 and5053 cooperate to helically guide the structure 5019 into the outermember or receiver 5010 when the structure 5019 is rotated and advancedinto the arms of the outer member 5010. The inner and outer flanges 5052and 5053 have respective splay regulating contours to control splay ofthe receiver arms 5011 when the fastener 5019 is strongly torquedtherein. It is noted that the anti-splay structure provided by themating flange forms 5052 and 5053 and the closure drive systemsdisclosed herein, such as the outer fastener drive pockets, may also beutilized on single-piece cylindrical plug-like closures as well as onother types of one and two piece nested closures, for example, thosehaving a break-off head that separates from the closure wheninstallation torque exceeds a selected level, similar to the closuresdisclosed in Applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 7,967,850 (see, e.g., FIGS. 22-25and accompanying disclosure).

The illustrated fastener structure 5019 includes a through-bore,generally 5054, primarily defined by an inner v-thread extending alongthe fastener central axis and running completely through the fastenerstructure 5019 from a top surface 5055 to a bottom surface 5056. Thebottom surface 5056 is substantially planar and annular and configuredfor being received between the receiver arms 5011 and for exclusivelyabutting against the substantially planar top surfaces 5017 of theinsert arms 5016, the insert 5014 arms 5016 being configured to extendabove the rod 5021 such that the closure surface 5056 is always spacedfrom the rod 5021 or other longitudinal connecting member portionreceived by the insert arms 5016 and located within the receiver 5010.With particular reference to FIG. 123, in the illustrated embodiment,the fastener bottom 5056 slopes slightly downwardly running in adirection towards the through bore 5054. Also with reference to FIGS.122-124, the insert 5014 arm top surfaces 5017 are substantially planarand also slope downwardly slightly or gently (about two degrees) towardthe insert central axis of rotation. The two-piece closure 5018 and bonescrew 5001 components 5004, 5010 and 5014 may be made from a variety ofmaterials, including, but not limited to, titanium, titanium alloys,stainless steel and cobalt chrome alloys.

In certain embodiments according to the invention, for example, as shownin FIG. 125, a fastener 5019′ is shown that is identical to the fastener5019 with the exception that a bottom surface 5056′ is disposedsubstantially perpendicular to the fastener 5019′ central axis andlikewise, an alternative insert 5014′ of an alternative bone anchor5001′ has arm top surfaces 5017′ that are planar and positionedsubstantially perpendicular to the insert 5014′ axis of rotation, theinsert 5014′ otherwise being identical to the insert 5014 previouslydescribed herein. In such embodiments, a preferable material for theinsert 5014′ is a cobalt chrome alloy. It has been found that when boththe outer fastener 5019 and the insert 5014 are made from titanium, forexample, twisting, grabbing, buckling and splaying may occur, believedto be caused at least in part due to the coefficient of friction of thefastener and insert materials (e.g., a surface of one titanium componentgrabbing or sticking to a surface of another titanium component).Therefore, when materials such as stainless steel and titanium alloysare desired for the insert 5014 because of other desirable attributes ofthose materials (e.g., flexibility, ductile nature, easily machinable,cut-able), the insert top surface 5017 may desirably include one or moresloping or curving or contoured surfaces with cooperating sloping,curving or contoured surfaces on the fastener 5019 that control theinsert arms 5016 and thus guard against unwanted splaying and buckling.On the other hand, it has been found that an insert 5014′ made from acobalt chrome alloy or other metal alloy that is harder than titanium orstainless steel does not twist, buckle grab a cooperating insert 5019′bottom surface 5056′, even when the fastener 5019′ is made from a softermaterial such as a titanium alloy. Therefore, in embodiments wherein theinsert is made from a cobalt chrome alloy, a sloping, contoured orcurved insert arm top surface may not be desired or required.

Returning again to FIGS. 111-116, at the closure structure base orbottom surface 5056 and running to near the top surface 5055, the bore5054 is substantially defined by a guide and advancement structure shownin the drawing figures as an internal V-shaped thread 5060. The thread5060 is sized and shaped to receive the threaded set screw 5020 thereinas will be discussed in more detail below. Although a traditionalV-shaped thread 5060 is shown, it is foreseen that other types ofhelical guide and advancement structures may be used for helicallyguiding and advancing the set screw 5020 into the outer fastener 5019. Apreferred v-thread 5060 is relatively fine (more threads per axialdistance) as compared to the outer flange form 5052. Furthermore, it hasbeen found that the more fine the thread 5060, the better the thrust ofthe set screw 5020 and thrust rather than torque is a more relevantfeature for such a small inner set screw as required by the dual screwdesign in order to keep the overall bone anchor a desirably small size.As will be discussed in greater detail below with respect to the innerset screw 5020, for dual closures of such a small size, if the set screwdrive tool generates too much torque, often either the tool breaks orthe tool strips the drive of the set screw. However, by increasing thenumber of threads per axial distance (in other words moving towards athread form that is more fine and thus has a lower pitch) as compared todual closures already known in the art, a desirable thrust results whenthe set screw/fastener combination has a very fine thread formconnection even though this also means that the torque is relativelylow.

Adjacent the closure top surface 5055, the thread 5060 is madediscontinuous at four locations by a drive system, generally 61 made upof four evenly spaced driving pockets or apertures 5062 formed in thefastener top surface 5055. However, as the illustrated thread 5060includes at least a portion thereof that extends all the way to thesurface 5055 and also terminates at the bottom surface 5056, the setscrew 5020 may be uploaded into the fastener 5019 at the bottom surface5056 or downloaded into the fastener 5019 at the top surface 5055. Inother embodiments of the invention, an overhang or other discontinuouscylindrical surface may be located near the top surface 5055, replacingsome of the threaded surface 5060 and having a radius measured from thecentral axis A that is the same or less than a radius from the centralaxis to a crest the v-thread 5060. In such embodiments, such an overhangor cylindrical surface would act as a stop for the inner set screw orplug 5020, preventing the screw 5020 from rotating upwardly and out ofthe structure 5019 at the top surface 5055. In the illustratedembodiment, the central set screw 5020 may be rotated or screwedcompletely through the outer ring member or fastener 5020 in eitherdirection.

Returning to the internal drive pockets 5062 best shown in FIGS. 111,112, 114 and 116, the pockets 5062 may also be described as twocross-slots that extend through or across the bore 5054 and thus throughthe thread form 5060, but do not extend through the outer flange form5052. The hollows or apertures 5062 may also be described as drivingsockets that are each open in a radial direction. In other embodimentsof the invention, greater or fewer numbers of pockets or cross-slots maybe formed in the top surface 5055. For example, the outer fastener drive5061 could be made up of three spaced cross-slots that terminate nearthe flange form 5052, or stated in other way, six equally spaced radialslots or pockets. With particular reference to FIG. 114, each pocket5062 includes a substantially planar base or bottom tool abutmentsurface 5065, opposed and parallel planar driving faces or surfaces 5066disposed perpendicular to the abutment surface 5065 and an outer wall5067 that is also perpendicular to the abutment surface 5065 and issubstantially cylindrical, the surface 5067 located near andsubstantially evenly spaced from the flange form 5052 and extendingbetween the opposed driving faces 5066. Furthermore, in the illustratedembodiment, an additional lobe or recess defined by a curved wall 5070is formed in the fastener top surface 5055, the wall 5070 terminating atthe tool abutment surface 5065 and disposed perpendicular thereto, thewall enlarging and extending each of the drive pockets 5062 in aradially outwardly direction that is also located centrally along thepocket outer wall 5067 and thus substantially midway between the drivingsurfaces 5066. In the illustrated embodiment (see, for example, FIG.112), each curved lobe wall 5070 extends to and partially through a rootsurface 5072 of the fastener flange form 5052, but does not extendthrough a crest surface 5073 or adjacent splay control surfaces thereofor even substantially into a driving flank 5074 or trailing flank 5074′thereof. Thus, the flange form anti splay surfaces and driving flanksthat cooperate with surfaces of the receiver flange form 5053 arecontinuous and are not cut, broken or otherwise compromised. Similarly,if the outer fastener 5019 would have another type of form, such as anouter square thread form in lieu of the flange form 5052, the squarethread form crest and driving flanks making contact with a cooperatingsquare thread form of the receiver would also be continuous with onlyportions of the square thread form root being removed. In theillustrated embodiment, the centrally located lobes formed by the curvedwalls 5070 allow for an increased mass and thus increased strength of afastener driver tool 5076 shown in FIGS. 113 and 117-121 and describedin greater detail below. The walls 5070 provide for an increased contactbetween the driver 5076 and the fastener pockets 5062. Increased contactbetween the driver 5076 and the pockets 5062 may reduce the tendency ofthe driver 5076 to cam out of the fastener 5019 drive feature andprovides for an improved fit, placement and secure engagement of thedriver 5076 with respect to the drive pockets 5062. In some embodimentsof the invention, the curved lobe walls 5070 may be placed closer to oneor the other of the drive surfaces 5066 and thus may also further aid inrotation and driving the fastener 5019 into the receiver 5010. It isalso noted that in other embodiments of the invention, the drive pockets5062 do not include an outer lobe, such as the pockets shown inApplicant's provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/849,514 filedJan. 28, 2013.

The up-loadable set screw 5020 has a substantially annular downwardlyand outwardly sloping top 5086 and a substantially circular planarbottom 5087. The screw 5020 is substantially cylindrical in shape andcoaxial with the outer fastener 5019. Originating at the top surface5086 is a v-thread surface portion 5089 that terminates at a lowerfrusto-conical surface 5090 that runs to the base or bottom surface5087. The v-thread 5089 is sized and shaped to be received by and matedwith the inner thread 5060 of the fastener 5019 in a nested, coaxialrelationship. The frusto-conical surface 5090 is sized and shaped toclear the insert 5014 arms 5016 and exclusively press upon the rod 5021as indicated, for example, in FIG. 123.

As illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 111, 112, 114 and 116, the setscrew 5020 includes a central aperture or internal drive feature,generally 5091, formed in the top 5086 and sized and shaped for apositive, non-slip engagement by a set screw installment and removaltool (not shown) that may be inserted through the bore 5054 of thefastener 5019 and then into the drive aperture 5091. The drive aperture5091 is a poly drive, specifically, having a hexa-lobular geometryformed by a substantially cylindrical wall 5092 communicating withequally spaced radially outwardly extending (from the closure centralaxis) rounded cut-outs or lobes 5094. The wall 5092 and the lobes 5094terminate at a substantially planar bottom driving tool seating orabutment surface 5096 having a central divot 5097 formed therein.Although the hexa-lobular drive feature 5091 is illustrated as it iscurrently preferred for torque sensitive applications as the lobes areable to receive increased torque transfer as compared to some otherdrive systems, it is noted that other drive systems may also be used inother embodiments, for example, a simple hex drive, star-shaped drive orother internal drives such as slotted, tri-wing, spanner, two or moreapertures of various shapes, and the like.

The central set screw drive aperture 5091 cooperates with the centralinternal bore 5054 of the fastener 5019 for accessing and uploading ordownloading the set screw 5020 into the fastener 5019 prior to or afterengagement of the fastener 5019 with the bone screw receiver 5010. Afterthe outer closure structure or fastener 5019 is inserted and rotatedinto the flange form 5053 of the bone screw receiver 5010, the set screw5020 is rotated by a tool engaging the drive feature 5091 to place theset screw bottom 5087 into frictional engagement with the rod 5021 orother longitudinal connecting member. Such frictional engagement istherefore readily controllable by a surgeon so that the rod 5021 may beloosened and manipulated until late in the surgery, if desired. Thus, atany desired time, the set screw 5020 may be rotated to drive the screw5020 into fixed frictional engagement with the rod 5021 without varyingthe angular relationship between the receiver 5010 and the bone screwshank 5004.

It is foreseen that the set screw 5020 may further include a cannulationthrough bore extending along a central axis thereof for providing apassage through the closure 5018 interior for a length of wire (notshown) inserted therein to provide a guide for insertion of the closuretop into the receiver arms 5011. The base or bottom 5087 of the screw5020 may further include a rim for engagement and penetration into thesurface 5022 of the rod 5021 in certain embodiments of the invention.

As described above with respect to the inner thread 5060 of the fastener5019, the outer thread 5089 of the set screw is a very fine v-threadsized and shaped to provide adequate thrust of the set screw 5020against the rod 5021 without the torque requirements found in larger setscrews of other dual or two piece closures. Because the outer fastenerdrive pockets 5062 are advantageously spaced inwardly from the outerfastener flange form 5052 and do not cut into or otherwise compromisethe continuity and strength of the flange form 5052, the set screw 5020is advantageously sized smaller than other known set screws in order toallow for the same or increased driving surface area for the drivingsurfaces 5066 of the pockets 5062 of the outer fastener 5019. In otherknown drive systems where the outer fastener drive consists of throughslots, for example, there is adequate surface area for driving the outerfastener but the continuity and strength of the fastener outer flangeform (or other type of outer helical guide and advancement structure) iscompromised. Such is not desirable as the outer fastener typicallyincludes some sort of splay control outer guide and advancementstructure that keeps the receiver arms 5011 from splaying outwardlywhich results in unwanted loosening of the entire closure from the bonescrew receiver 5010. It has been found by sizing the thread 5089 to bemore fine, the smaller set screw 5020 performs as well as largercounterparts in other closure systems that include thread forms having alarger pitch than the pitch of the thread form 5089 and inner set screwshaving a diameter larger than a diameter of the set screw 5020.

With particular reference to FIGS. 113 and 117-121, the drive system5061 that includes the pockets 5062 of the outer closure portion orfastener 5019 further includes the cooperating driver 5076. The driver5076 is elongate and includes a shaft 5101 having a handle (not shown)at one end thereof and a drive feature, generally 5102 at an oppositeend thereof. The drive feature 5102 includes four evenly spaced outerfastener drive prongs or extensions 5104 and a centrally locatedsubstantially cylindrical split extension portion 5106. The prongs 5104and the extension 5106 are integral with the driver shaft 5101, theprongs 5104 each extending from a substantially planar shaft bottom orabutment surface 5108. Each of the prongs 5104 has a bottomsubstantially planar surface 5115, opposed side driving faces 5116 and acurved outer wall 5117, each outer wall further including an outer lobedsurface 5120, the wall spanning between the driving faces 5116. Alsospanning between the opposed, substantially planar and parallel drivingfaces 5116 is an inner cylindrical wall 5122. The inner extensionportion 5106 is substantially cylindrical and has a discontinuous bottomsurface 5125, the surface 5125 being split in half by a longitudinalslit, generally 5126 that terminates at and is partially defined by arounded, key-hole-like surface 5127. An outer discontinuous cylindricalsurface 5130 of the central extension is substantially evenly spacedfrom each prong inner cylindrical surface 5122 and terminates at anupper curved surface 5132 partially defining an annular groove,generally 5133, that is sized and shaped to receive and extend about theinner set screw 5020 structure located between the set screw drivefeature 5091 and the outer v-thread 5089. The annular groove 5133 isalso partially defined by each of the driving prong 5104 innercylindrical walls 5122. As shown in FIG. 121, the groove 5132 extendsupwardly beyond the driver abutment surface 5108 to provide adequateclearance for the inner set screw 5020 that initially may have the topsurface 5086 thereof located above the top surface 5055 of the outerfastener 5019 as shown, for example, in FIG. 121. As best shown in FIGS.120 and 121, the four prongs 5104 are sized and shaped to fit closelywithin the four fastener drive pockets 5062 with the outer lobes 5120being closely received by the curved pocket walls 5070. The prong bottomsurfaces 5115 abut against the pocket seating surfaces 5065 when thedriver planar and annular surface 5108 abuts against the fastener topsurface 5055. Thereafter, prong driving faces 5116 are placed intodriving engagement with pocket surfaces 5066 when the driver 5076 isrotated by a user. Also during use, the flexible driver extension 5106is received by the set screw drive aperture 5091, readily flexinginwardly at the slit 5126 during insertion and removal of the driver5076 from the closure top 5018. Although the driver central extension5106 is shown having an annular bulge or bump 5135 at a lower portion ofthe cylindrical surface 5130 located near the split bottom surface 5125,the bulge 5135 at most resiliently abuts against the cylindrical surface5092 of the set screw 5020, but is not received into the set screwdriving lobes 5094.

With reference to FIGS. 122 and 123, the receiver 5010, the shank 5004and the compression insert 5014 are typically assembled at a factorysetting that includes tooling for holding, alignment and manipulation ofthe component pieces, as well as crimping a portion of the receiver 5010toward and against the insert 5014. In the illustrated embodiment, theshank 5004 is downloaded into the receiver followed by pressing theshank upper portion or head 5008 downwardly into the receiver cavitywith some force. At this time, the shank 5004 is pivotable with respectto the receiver 5010 with some force. The compression insert 5014 isthen downloaded into the receiver 5010 and lowered toward the shank head5008 until the insert 5014 arms 5016 are adjacent the receiver arms andthe insert inner surface 5015 is in engagement with the shank headspherical surface 5008. In some embodiments, the insert arms 5016 mayneed to be compressed slightly during assembly to clear inner surfacesof the receiver arms 5011. At this time, crimping wall portions of thereceiver 5010 are pressed inwardly towards the insert 5014 and crimpingwall material thus engages the insert walls at concave aperturesthereof. The crimping wall material pressing against the insert 5014 attwo opposed locations prohibits or reduces the degree that the insert5014 may rotate with respect to the receiver axis. In the illustratedembodiment having the conical shaped recesses and crimping walls, anyupward movement of the insert 5014 is also prohibited by the crimpingwall material of the receiver walls. The resulting assembly 5001 is nowin a desired position for shipping.

With reference to FIG. 122, the bone screw assembly made up of the shank5004, receiver 5010 and insert 5014 is screwed into a bone, such as thevertebra 5023, by rotation of the shank 5004 using a suitable drivingtool (not shown) that operably drives and rotates the shank body 5006 byengagement thereof at an internal drive of the body 5006. Specifically,the vertebra 5023 may be pre-drilled to minimize stressing the bone andhave a guide wire (not shown) inserted therein to provide a guide forthe placement and angle of the shank 5004 with respect to the vertebra.A further tap hole may be made using a tap with the guide wire as aguide. Then, the bone screw assembly 5001 is threaded onto the guidewire utilizing the bone screw cannulation bore by first threading thewire into the opening at the shank bottom and then out of the topopening at the drive feature. The shank 5004 is then driven into thevertebra using the wire as a placement guide. It is foreseen that theshank and other bone screw assembly parts, the rod 5021 (also having acentral lumen in some embodiments) and the closure top 5018 having thecentral bore can be inserted in a percutaneous or minimally invasivesurgical manner, utilizing guide wires. At this time, the receiver 5010may be pivoted with respect to the implanted shank 5004 using someforce, the bone screw head 5008 in close but movable (i.e., non-floppyengagement) with the surface 5015 of the insert 5014, allowing a user tomanipulate the receiver 5010 with some force such that once a desiredangle of orientation of the receive with respect to the shank 5004 isfound, the receiver substantially remains in such desired positionduring the surgical procedure and prior to locking.

The rod 5021 is eventually positioned in an open or percutaneous mannerin cooperation with the at least two bone screw assemblies 5001. Theclosure structure 5018, with the inner threaded plug 5020 alreadythreadably mated either upwardly or downwardly with the outer structure5019 as best shown in FIG. 116, is then inserted into and advancedbetween the arms 5011 of the receivers 5010 utilizing the tool 5076 asshown in FIGS. 119-121. The entire closure structure 5018 is rotated,mating the helical flange form 5052 with the receiver helical flangeform 5053 using the tool driving portion 5102 received within andengaged with the drive pockets 5062 of the outer closure structure 5019until a selected pressure is reached at which point the outer fastenerstructure bottom surface 5056 engages the upper arms surfaces 5017 ofthe insert 5014 and presses the insert 5014 spherical surface 5015 intolocking engagement with the shank head 5008 spherical surface. As theclosure structure 5019 presses downwardly on the compression insertfurther pressing and then locking the insert spherical surface 5015against the shank spherical surface 5008 and the shank spherical surface5008 against the receiver inner spherical surface 5013, the outerstructure 5019 brings the rod 5021 cylindrical surface 5022 to alocation at or near the insert saddle seat as shown in FIG. 123. Afterthe rod 5021 is manipulated to a desired location and orientation, theinner set screw or plug 5020 is then rotated into locking engagementwith the rod 5021 (not shown) by rotating a tool (not shown) inserted inthe inner drive feature 5091.

If removal of the rod 5021 from any of the bone screw assemblies 5001 isnecessary, or if it is desired to release the rod 5021 at a particularlocation, disassembly is accomplished by using the driving tool (notshown) that mates with the internal drive 5091 on the closure inner plug5020. This may be all that is required to loosen and manipulate the rod5021 without unlocking the polyaxial mechanism. However, if the rod 5021is to be removed, the structure 5019 may be rotated utilizing the tool5076 with the drive portion 5102 engaged in the pockets 5062 to rotateand remove the closure structure 5019 (alone or with the set screw 5020)from the cooperating receiver 5010. Disassembly is then accomplished inreverse order to the procedure described previously herein for theassembly.

It is to be understood that while certain forms of the present inventionhave been illustrated and described herein, it is not to be limited tothe specific forms or arrangement of parts described and shown.

What is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is asfollows:
 1. A pivotal bone anchor assembly for anchoring to patient boneand coupling with an elongate rod via a closure, the pivotal bone anchorassembly comprising: a shank having a longitudinal axis, a head with apartial spherical shape defining a hemisphere with an outer sphericalsurface extending above and below the hemisphere, and an anchor portionextending downwardly from the head for fixation to the patient bone; areceiver having a longitudinal axis, a base defining a bore centeredaround the longitudinal axis and in communication with a bottom surfaceof the receiver through a bottom opening, and a pair of upright armsextending upward from the base to define an open channel configured toreceive the elongate rod, the open channel in communication with thebore, the bore having an upwardly-concave lower spherical seatingsurface proximate the bottom opening configured to receive the shankhead outer spherical surface and provide for pivotal movement betweenthe shank and the receiver; and an insert positionable within thereceiver bore and having an upwardly-facing surface engageable with theelongate rod and a downwardly-facing surface engageable with the shankhead above the hemisphere, wherein, prior to the engagement of theinsert downwardly-facing surface with the shank head, the shank headouter spherical surface is frictionally engaged below and above thehemisphere, respectively, by the lower spherical seating surface of thereceiver and by an inwardly-concave upper spherical seating surfacelocated in the receiver bore below the insert, so as to provide anon-floppy pivotal frictional engagement between the shank and thereceiver.
 2. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 1, wherein thelower spherical seating surface of the receiver continuouslyfrictionally engages around an entire circumference of the shank headouter spherical surface below the hemisphere when the shank head isdisposed within the receiver and the shank longitudinal axis and thereceiver longitudinal axis are co-aligned with respect to each other. 3.The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 1, wherein the upper sphericalseating surface is integral with the receiver bore.
 4. The pivotal boneanchor assembly of claim 3, wherein the upper spherical seating surfaceis continuous with the lower spherical seating surface of the receiver.5. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 1, wherein the upperspherical seating surface continuously frictionally engages around anentire circumference of the shank head outer spherical surface above thehemisphere when the shank head is disposed within the receiver and theshank longitudinal axis and the receiver longitudinal axis areco-aligned with respect to each other.
 6. The pivotal bone anchorassembly of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the receiver bottomsurface is non-perpendicular to the receiver longitudinal axis andacutely upwardly angled toward the lower spherical seating surface ofthe receiver to truncate a lower portion of the lower spherical seatingsurface, thereby defining an acute edge portion of the receiver bottomopening that provides for increased pivotal movement of the shankrelative to the receiver in at least one direction when the shank headis received within the lower spherical seating surface.
 7. The pivotalbone anchor assembly of claim 1, wherein the receiver upright armsinclude break-off extensions.
 8. The pivotal bone anchor assembly ofclaim 1, wherein the receiver upright arms further include outersurfaces with horizontally extending radiused tool attachmentstructures.
 9. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 1, wherein thereceiver upright arms further comprise inner sidewall surfaces mateablewith the closure.
 10. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 9,further comprising the closure and wherein the closure is a two piececlosure including an outer portion and an inner portion threadablyreceived in the outer portion, the outer portion including an outersplay control thread configured to threadably engage the upright armsinner sidewall surfaces.
 11. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim9, further comprising the closure and wherein the closure is a singlepiece closure that engages the elongate rod.
 12. The pivotal bone anchorassembly of claim 1, wherein the shank is top loaded into the receiverbore and pushed down along the receiver longitudinal axis until thehemisphere is moved past the upper spherical seating surface and theshank head is captured into the non-floppy pivotal frictional engagementwith the receiver.
 13. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 1,wherein the insert downwardly-facing surface has a spherical shapecomplementary with the spherical shape of the shank head above and belowthe hemisphere.
 14. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 1, whereinthe insert has a central opening.
 15. The pivotal bone anchor assemblyof claim 1, wherein the insert further comprises a cylindrically-shapedbody with upstanding arms defining a second open channel for receivingthe elongate rod.
 16. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 15,further comprising the elongate rod and the closure, and wherein theinsert upstanding arms extend above the elongate rod to engage anunderside surface of the closure when the elongate rod is fully reducedinto the receiver open channel via the closure.
 17. The pivotal boneanchor assembly of claim 1, wherein the insert is twisted into placewithin the receiver bore.
 18. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim1, wherein the shank is cannulated along its longitudinal axis.
 19. Thepivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 1, wherein the receiver boreincludes a recess with a downwardly facing surface to receive and atleast partially overlap an outer surface of the insert.
 20. The pivotalbone anchor assembly of claim 1, wherein the assembly further comprisesa retainer attachable to a shank head capture structure integral withthe shank anchor portion, and wherein an outer surface of the retainerat least partially defines the outer spherical surface of the shankhead.
 21. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 20, wherein theshank head capture structure is up-loadable through the receiver bottomopening and into the receiver bore.
 22. The pivotal bone anchor assemblyof claim 1, further comprising a retainer to capture and hold the shankwithin the receiver.
 23. A pivotal bone anchor assembly for anchoring topatient bone and coupling with an elongate rod via a closure, thepivotal bone anchor assembly comprising: a shank having a head portionwith an at least partial spherical shape defining a hemisphere, and ananchor portion extending downwardly from the head portion for fixationto the patient bone; a receiver having a longitudinal center axis, abase portion defining an inner cavity in communication with a bottomsurface of the receiver through a bottom opening, and a pair of uprightarms extending upward from the base portion to define an open channelconfigured to receive the elongate rod, the open channel incommunication with the inner cavity, and the inner cavity configured toreceive the shank head portion and provide for pivotal movement betweenthe shank and the receiver; and an insert positionable at leastpartially within the receiver inner cavity above the shank head portionand having a downwardly-facing surface configured to engage the shankhead portion above its hemisphere and an upwardly-facing surfaceconfigured to engage the elongate rod to transfer a downwardly-directedforce from the elongate rod onto the shank head portion, wherein atleast a portion of the receiver bottom surface is non-perpendicular tothe longitudinal center axis and upwardly angled into the receiver innercavity to enlarge the receiver bottom opening and provide for increasedpivotal movement of the shank relative to the receiver in at least onedirection when the shank head portion is received within the receiverinner cavity, and wherein, prior to the positioning of the insert withinthe receiver inner cavity, the shank head portion is held in frictionalcontact within the receiver inner cavity between and against a lowerspherical surface and an upper spherical surface located below and abovethe shank head hemisphere, respectively, to provide a non-floppy pivotalfrictional engagement directly between the shank head portion and thelower and upper spherical surface.
 24. The pivotal bone anchor assemblyof claim 23, wherein the lower and upper spherical surface furthercomprise a spherical seating surface formed into a lower portion of thereceiver inner cavity and configured to frictionally engage the shankhead portion around an entire circumference of the shank head portion,both above and below a hemisphere thereof, to provide a non-floppypivotal frictional engagement directly between the shank head portionand the receiver spherical seating surface.
 25. The pivotal bone anchorassembly of claim 24, wherein the receiver spherical seating surface hasa diameter substantially equal to a diameter of the shank head portionat its hemisphere such that the shank head portion is received withinthe receiver spherical seating surface with a tight, but movable,interference fit engagement.
 26. The pivotal bone anchor assembly ofclaim 23, wherein the shank is top loaded into the receiver bore andpushed down along the receiver longitudinal axis until the hemisphere ismoved past the upper spherical surface and the shank head portion iscaptured into the non-floppy pivotal frictional engagement with thereceiver.
 27. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 23, wherein theinsert downwardly-facing surface has a spherical shape complementarywith the spherical shape of the shank head portion above and below thehemisphere.
 28. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 23, whereinthe receiver upright arms include break-off extensions.
 29. The pivotalbone anchor assembly of claim 23, wherein the receiver upright armsfurther include outer surfaces with horizontally extending radiused toolattachment structures.
 30. A pivotal bone anchor assembly for anchoringto patient bone and coupling with an elongate rod via a closure, thepivotal bone anchor assembly comprising: a shank having a longitudinalaxis, a head with a partial spherical shape defining a hemisphere withan outer spherical surface extending above and below the hemisphere, andan anchor portion extending downwardly from the head for fixation to thepatient bone; a receiver having a longitudinal axis, a base defining abore centered around the longitudinal axis and in communication with abottom surface of the receiver through a bottom opening, and a pair ofupright arms extending upward from the base to define an open channelconfigured to receive the elongate rod, the open channel incommunication with the bore, the bore having a concave inwardly-facinglower spherical seating surface proximate the bottom opening configuredto frictionally engage and support the shank head and provide forpivotal movement between the shank and the receiver; an insertpositionable within the receiver bore and having an upwardly-facingsurface engageable with the elongate rod and a downwardly-facing surfaceengageable with the shank head above the hemisphere; and a concaveinwardly-facing upper spherical seating surface configured tofrictionally engage the shank head above the hemisphere when the shankhead is frictionally engaged below the hemisphere by the lower sphericalseating surface and the shank and receiver longitudinal axes areco-aligned, so as to provide a non-floppy pivotal frictional engagementbetween the shank and the receiver prior to the insert being positionedwithin the receiver bore.
 31. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim30, wherein the upper and lower spherical seating surfaces are locatedin the receiver bore prior to the shank being positioned within thereceiver bore.
 32. The pivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 31, whereinthe shank is top loaded into the receiver bore and pushed down along thereceiver longitudinal axis until the hemisphere is moved past the upperspherical seating surface and the shank head is captured into thenon-floppy pivotal frictional engagement with the receiver.
 33. Thepivotal bone anchor assembly of claim 30, wherein the upper sphericalseating surface is proximate the shank head hemisphere when the shankhead is engaged and supported by the lower spherical seating surface andthe shank and receiver longitudinal axes are co-aligned.